Dear Stockholder:

You are invited to attend the annual meeting of stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of Codexis, Inc. (“Codexis,” “we,” “us” or “our”) to be held on Tuesday, June 13, 2023, at 9:00 a.m., California time. The Annual Meeting will be held in a virtual format via live audio webcast. You will be able to attend and participate in the Annual Meeting online by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023, where you will be able to listen to the meeting live, submit questions and vote.

At the Annual Meeting, you will be asked to:

(i) elect three Class I directors to hold office until the 2026 annual meeting of stockholders;

(ii) ratify the selection of BDO USA, LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023;

(iii) vote, on a non-binding, advisory basis, on the compensation of our named executive officers;

(iv) vote, on a non-binding, advisory basis, to determine the frequency of future advisory votes on compensation for our named executive officers;

(v) approve an amendment to our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “common stock”), from 100,000,000 to 200,000,000 shares;

(vi) approve the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan;

(vii) approve an amendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan; and

(viii) transact such other business as may properly come before the Annual Meeting.

The accompanying Notice of Annual Meeting and proxy statement describe these matters. We urge you to read this information carefully.

Your board of directors unanimously believes that each of the proposals set forth above and described in the accompanying Notice of Annual Meeting and proxy statement are in the best interests of Codexis and its stockholders, and, accordingly, recommends a vote “FOR” the election of all of its nominees for director, “FOR” the ratification of the selection of BDO USA, LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm, “FOR” the approval of the compensation of our named executive officers on a non-binding, advisory basis, in favor of the option of “ONE YEAR” for the non-binding, advisory vote on the frequency of the advisory vote on compensation for our named executive officers, “FOR” the approval of an amendment to our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock, “FOR” the approval of the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and “FOR” the approval of an amendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan.

In addition to the business to be transacted as described above, management will speak on developments in the past year and respond to comments and questions of general interest to stockholders.

It is important that your shares be represented and voted whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting online. Whether or not you expect to attend the Annual Meeting online, please vote as soon as possible. You may vote on the Internet or by telephone. If, however, you requested to receive paper proxy materials, then you may also vote by mailing a complete, signed and dated proxy card or voting instruction card in the envelope provided. If your shares are held in “street name,” which means your shares are held of record by a broker, bank or other

nominee, you should review the instructions provided to you by that broker, bank or other nominee to determine how you will be able to submit your voting instructions. Voting by written proxy, over the Internet or by telephone will ensure your shares are represented at the Annual Meeting.

Sincerely,

Stephen Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

CODEXIS, INC.

200 Penobscot Drive

Redwood City, CA 94063

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

TO BE HELD ON TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2023

To the Stockholders of Codexis, Inc. (“Codexis,” “we,” “us” and “our”):

We will hold an annual meeting of our stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) on Tuesday, June 13, 2023, at 9:00 a.m., California time, for the following purposes:

(i) To elect Stephen Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Alison Moore, Ph.D. and Rahul Singhvi, Sc.D. to our board of directors for a three-year term expiring at the 2026 annual meeting of stockholders or until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified or their earlier resignation or removal;

(ii) To ratify the selection of BDO USA, LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023;

(iii) To hold a non-binding, advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers;

(iv) To hold a non-binding, advisory vote to determine the frequency of future advisory votes on compensation for our named executive officers;

(v) To approve an amendment to our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “common stock”), from 100,000,000 to 200,000,000 shares;

(vi) To approve the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan;

(vii) To approve an amendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan; and

(viii) To transact such other business as may properly come before the Annual Meeting or any adjournments or postponements of the Annual Meeting.

The Annual Meeting will be held in a virtual format via live audio webcast. You will be able to attend and participate in the Annual Meeting online by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023, where you will be able to listen to the meeting live, submit questions and vote.

These items of business are described in the attached proxy statement. Only stockholders of record of shares of our common stock at the close of business on April 20, 2023, the record date for the Annual Meeting, are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting and any adjournments or postponements of the Annual Meeting.

We have elected to provide our proxy materials to our stockholders over the Internet as permitted by the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. As a result, we are mailing most of our stockholders a paper copy of the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (the “Notice”), but not a paper copy of our proxy statement and our 2022 annual report to stockholders. This process allows us to provide our proxy materials to our stockholders in a timelier and more readily accessible manner, while reducing the environmental impact and lowering the costs of printing and distributing our proxy materials. The Notice contains instructions on how to access those documents over the Internet. The Notice also contains instructions on how to request a paper copy of our proxy materials, including this proxy statement, our 2022 annual report to stockholders, including the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules from our Annual Report on Form 10-K, but excluding exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, and a form of proxy card or voting instruction card. All stockholders who have previously requested a paper copy of our proxy materials will continue to receive a paper copy of our proxy materials by mail.

A list of stockholders eligible to vote at the Annual Meeting will be available for inspection during the virtual Annual Meeting at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023, and at the principal executive offices of Codexis during regular business hours for a period of not less than ten days prior to the Annual Meeting.

Your vote is very important. It is important that your shares be represented and voted whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting online. You may vote on the Internet or by telephone. If, however, you requested to receive paper proxy materials, then you may also vote by mailing a complete, signed and dated proxy card or voting instruction card in the envelope provided. If your shares are held in “street name,” which means your shares are held of record by a broker, bank or other nominee, you should review the instructions provided to you by that broker, bank or other nominee to determine how you will be able to submit your voting instructions. Submitting a proxy over the Internet, by telephone or by mailing a proxy card will ensure that your shares are represented at the Annual Meeting.

Sincerely,

Stephen Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

Redwood City, California

CODEXIS, INC.

200 Penobscot Drive

Redwood City, CA 94063

PROXY STATEMENT

FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

TO BE HELD ON JUNE 13, 2023

IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS TO BE HELD ON JUNE 13, 2023

All costs of solicitation of proxies will be borne by us. In addition to solicitations by mail, our directors, officers and regular employees, without additional remuneration, may solicit proxies by telephone, e-mail and personal interviews. We have also retained Innisfree M&A Incorporated to assist in the solicitation for an anticipated fee up to $35,000, plus expenses related to calling stockholders. Brokers, custodians and fiduciaries will be requested to forward proxy soliciting material to the owners of stock held in their names, and we will reimburse them for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the distribution of proxy materials.

The Company’s 2022 annual report to stockholders, which contains consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2022 (the “Annual Report”), accompanies this Proxy Statement if you have requested and received a copy of the proxy materials in the mail. Stockholders that receive the Notice can access this Proxy Statement and the Annual Report at the website referred to in the Notice. The Annual Report and this Proxy Statement are also available on our investor relations website at www.codexis.com/investors, at the website of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) at www.sec.gov and at www.proxyvote.com. You also may obtain a copy of our Annual Report, including the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules, but excluding exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, without charge, by writing to our Investor Relations department at the above address. Exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K are available upon payment of a reasonable fee, which is limited to our expenses in furnishing the requested exhibit.

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INFORMATION CONCERNING VOTING AND SOLICITATION

Who Can Vote

You are entitled to vote if you are a stockholder of record of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “common stock”), as of the close of business on April 20, 2023. You are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters to be voted upon at the Annual Meeting. Your shares may be voted at the Annual Meeting only if you are present at the Annual Meeting or represented by a valid proxy.

Voting of Shares

If, at the close of business on April 20, 2023, your shares of common stock were registered directly in your name with Equiniti Trust Company, our transfer agent, then you are a stockholder of record. As a stockholder of record, you may vote online at the Annual Meeting or vote by proxy by completing, dating and signing the proxy card that was included with this Proxy Statement and promptly returning it in the preaddressed, postage paid envelope provided to you, or by submitting a proxy over the Internet or by telephone by following the instructions on the proxy card. If your shares of common stock are held in street name through a broker, bank or other nominee, you are considered the beneficial owner of those shares and you have the right to instruct your broker, bank or other nominee, who is considered the stockholder of record for the purposes of voting at the Annual Meeting, on how to vote the shares in your account. Your broker, bank or nominee will send you a voting instruction form for you to use to direct how your shares should be voted.

The Internet and telephone voting will close at 11:59 p.m., New York time, on June 12, 2023. If you vote through the Internet, you should be aware that you may incur costs to access the Internet, such as usage charges from telephone companies or Internet service providers and that these costs must be borne by you. If you vote by the Internet or telephone, then you do not need to return a written proxy card by mail.

YOUR VOTE IS VERY IMPORTANT. You should submit your proxy even if you plan to attend the virtual Annual Meeting online. If you properly give your proxy and submit it to us in time to vote, one of the individuals named as your proxy will vote your shares as you have directed.

All shares entitled to vote and represented by properly submitted proxies (including those submitted electronically, telephonically and in writing by 11:59 p.m., New York time, on June 12, 2023) that are received before the polls are closed at the Annual Meeting, and that are not revoked or superseded, will be voted at the Annual Meeting in accordance with the instructions indicated on those proxies. If no direction is indicated on a proxy, your shares will be voted “FOR” the election of all of Stephen Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Alison Moore, Ph.D. and Rahul Singhvi, Sc.D. and as our Class I directors, “FOR” the ratification of the selection of BDO USA, LLP (“BDO”) as our independent registered public accounting firm, “FOR” the approval of the compensation of our named executive officers in a non-binding, advisory vote, in favor of the option of “ONE YEAR” for the non-binding, advisory vote on the frequency of the advisory vote on compensation for our named executive officers, “FOR” the approval of an amendment to our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock, “FOR” the approval of the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and “FOR” the approval of an amendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan. The proxy gives each of Stephen Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., and Sriram Ryali discretionary authority to vote your shares in accordance with his best judgment with respect to all additional matters that might come before the Annual Meeting.

Revocation of Proxy

If you are a stockholder of record, you may revoke your proxy at any time before your proxy is voted at the Annual Meeting by taking any of the following actions:

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Written notices of revocation and other communications with respect to the revocation of Codexis proxies should be addressed to:

Codexis, Inc.

200 Penobscot Drive

Redwood City, CA 94063

Attention: Secretary

If your shares are held in “street name,” you may change your vote by submitting new voting instructions to your broker, bank or other nominee. You must contact your broker, bank or other nominee to find out how to do so. See below regarding how to vote online if your shares are held in street name.

Voting Online

If you are a stockholder of record, you may vote online at the Annual Meeting by attending the Annual Meeting online and following the instructions posted at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023. If you are a beneficial owner, you are also invited to attend the Annual Meeting online. Since a beneficial owner is not the stockholder of record, however, you may not vote these shares online at the Annual Meeting unless you obtain a “legal proxy” from the organization that holds your shares, giving you the right to vote the shares at the Annual Meeting.

Quorum and Votes Required

Quorum. A majority in voting power of the common stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, present in person or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting, will constitute a quorum at the Annual Meeting. Shares of common stock held by persons attending the Annual Meeting online but not voting, shares represented by proxies that reflect abstentions as to a particular proposal and broker “non-votes” will be counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum.

Broker Non-Votes. Brokers or other nominees who hold shares of common stock in “street name” for a beneficial owner of those shares typically have the authority to vote in their discretion on “routine” proposals when they have not received instructions from beneficial owners. However, brokers are not allowed to exercise their voting discretion with respect to the election of directors or for any matter that the SEC determines to be a “significant matter” without specific instructions from the beneficial owner. These non-voted shares are referred to as “broker non-votes.” If your broker holds your common stock in “street name,” your broker is not entitled to vote your shares on “non-routine” proposals (i.e., of the proposals to be considered at the Annual Meeting, the election of directors, the non-binding, advisory vote on executive compensation, the non-binding, advisory vote on the frequency of the advisory vote on compensation for our named executive officers, the approval of the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and the amendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan)

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without your instructions and will only vote your shares on such proposals if you provide instructions on how to vote by filling out the voter instruction form sent to you by your broker with this Proxy Statement. Broker “non-votes” are considered in determining whether a quorum exists at the Annual Meeting but they are not included in the tabulation of voting results for “non-routine” proposals for purposes of determining whether such proposals have been approved. Therefore, broker non-votes will have no effect on the outcome of Proposals 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7, and will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” Proposal 5. Because brokers have discretionary authority to vote on Proposals 2, broker “non-votes” are not expected on Proposal 2.

Election of Class I Directors. Our amended and restated bylaws (“bylaws”) provide that a plurality of votes cast in favor of the election of a director shall be sufficient to elect such director to the board of directors. Under this plurality voting standard, the nominees for available directorships who receive the highest number of affirmative votes cast are elected. Withheld votes will not have any effect on the election of directors. Brokers are not empowered to vote on the election of directors without instructions from the beneficial owner of the shares, and thus broker non-votes likely will occur. Since broker non-votes are not considered votes cast for a candidate, they will not have any effect on the election of directors.

Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present in person by attendance online or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal is required for the ratification of the selection of BDO as our independent registered public accounting firm. Abstentions will have the same effect as voting against this proposal. Brokers generally have discretionary authority to vote on the ratification of our independent registered public accounting firm; thus broker non-votes are generally not expected to result from the vote on this proposal.

Non-Binding, Advisory Vote on Named Executive Officer Compensation. The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present in person by attendance online or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal will be deemed to be approval of the resolution on the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in this Proxy Statement. However, because this proposal is intended to be advisory, we will exclude abstentions and broker non-votes from the determination of approval. Although the outcome of this advisory vote on the compensation of the named executive officers is non-binding, the compensation committee of the board of directors and the board of directors will review and consider the outcome of this vote when making future compensation decisions for our named executive officers.

Frequency of Future Non-Binding, Advisory Votes on Named Executive Officer Compensation. The option of every one year, two years or three years that receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present in person by attendance online or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal will be the frequency recommended by stockholders, unless none of the frequency options receives a majority vote, in which case the option that receives the highest number of votes will be considered to be the frequency recommended by stockholders. Abstentions on each frequency option will have the same effect as a vote against such option. Brokers are not empowered to vote on this proposal without instruction from the beneficial owner of the shares, therefore broker non-votes will not be treated as entitled to vote on this proposal and will not be counted for any purpose in determining which frequency option has been recommended by stockholders. Although the outcome of this vote is non-binding, the compensation committee of the board of directors and the board of directors will review and consider the outcome of this vote when making future decisions about the frequency of the advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers.

Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to Increase the Number of Authorized Shares of our Common Stock. The affirmative vote of a majority of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock entitled to vote is required to approve this proposal. Abstentions will have the same effect as voting against this proposal. Brokers generally have discretionary authority to vote on the amendment of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation; thus broker non-votes are generally not expected to result from the vote on this proposal.

Adoption of the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares represented in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal is required to

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approve this proposal. Brokers are not empowered to vote on this proposal without instruction from the beneficial owner of the shares, therefore broker non-votes will not be treated as entitled to vote on this proposal. Abstentions will have the same effect as voting against this proposal.

Amendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan. The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares represented in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal is required to approve this proposal. Brokers are not empowered to vote on this proposal without instruction from the beneficial owner of the shares, therefore broker non-votes will not be treated as entitled to vote on this proposal. Abstentions will have the same effect as voting against this proposal.

How do I attend the Virtual Annual Meeting?

The Annual Meeting will be held entirely online. Stockholders as of April 20, 2023 will be able to attend and participate in the Annual Meeting online by accessing www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023. To join the Annual Meeting, you will need to have your 16-digit control number which is included on the Notice and your proxy card.

Even if you plan to attend the Annual Meeting online, we recommend that you also vote by proxy as described herein so that your vote will be counted if you decide not to attend the Annual Meeting.

Access to the Audio Webcast of the Annual Meeting. The live audio webcast of the Annual Meeting will begin promptly at 9:00 a.m., California time. Online access to the audio webcast will open approximately 10 minutes prior to the start of the Annual Meeting to allow time for you to log in and test the computer audio system. We encourage you to access the meeting prior to the start time.

Log in Instructions. To attend the online Annual Meeting, log in at

www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023. Stockholders will need their unique 16-digit control number which appears on the Notice and the instructions that accompanied the proxy materials. In the event that you do not have a control number, please contact your broker, bank or other nominee as soon as possible, so that you can be provided with a control number and gain access to the meeting.

Submitting Questions at the virtual Annual Meeting. Stockholders may submit questions in writing during the Annual Meeting on www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/CDXS2023. Stockholders will need their unique control number which appears on their Notice, the proxy card and the instructions that accompanied the proxy materials.

As part of the Annual Meeting, we will hold a live question and answer session, during which we intend to answer questions submitted during the meeting in accordance with the Annual Meeting’s Rules of Conduct and that are pertinent to the Company and the meeting matters, as time permits. Questions and answers will be grouped by topic and substantially similar questions will be grouped and answered once. In order to promote fairness, efficient use of the Company’s resources and in order to ensure all stockholders are responded to, we will respond to up to two questions from a single stockholder.

The Annual Meeting’s Rules of Conduct will be posted on www.codexis.com/investors approximately two weeks prior to the day of the Annual Meeting.

Technical Assistance. Beginning 10 minutes prior to the start of and during the virtual Annual Meeting, we will have support team ready to assist stockholders with any technical difficulties they may have regarding accessing or hearing the virtual meeting.

If you encounter any difficulties accessing the virtual meeting during the check-in or meeting time, please call the technical support number that will be posted on the Virtual Shareholder Meeting log in page.

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Solicitation of Proxies

Our board of directors is soliciting proxies for the Annual Meeting from our stockholders. We will bear the entire cost of soliciting proxies from our stockholders. In addition to the solicitation of proxies by mail, we will request that brokers, banks and other nominees that hold shares of our common stock, which are beneficially owned by our stockholders, send Notices of Annual Meeting, proxies and proxy materials to those beneficial owners and secure those beneficial owners’ voting instructions. We will reimburse those record holders for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the distribution of proxy materials.

In addition, we have retained Innisfree M&A Incorporated to assist in the solicitation for an anticipated fee up to $35,000, plus expenses related to calling stockholders.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock as of April 20, 2023 for:

Unless otherwise noted below, the address of each beneficial owner listed on the table is c/o Codexis, Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063. We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules promulgated by the SEC. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the persons and entities named in the tables below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.

In computing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding shares of common stock subject to options held by that person that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 20, 2023. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This proxy statement contains “forward-looking statements” (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). These statements are based on our current expectations and involve risks and uncertainties, which may cause results to differ materially from those set forth in the statements. The forward-looking statements may include statements regarding actions to be taken by us. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many uncertainties that affect our business, particularly those mentioned in the risk factors in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K.

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PROPOSAL 1

ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

Board Structure

Our bylaws provide for a fixed number of directors as set by the board of directors. There are currently 11 directors on our board of directors. Mr. Nicols will retire from the board of directors effective the date of the Annual Meeting and Dr. Yang previously informed us of his decision not to stand for reelection. As a result of the foregoing, the board of directors has approved reducing the authorized number of directors to nine, effective as of the Annual Meeting.

The directors are divided into three classes, each of whom serves for a term of three years: Class I directors (who hold office until the close of the Annual Meeting), Class II directors (who hold office until the close of the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders) and Class III directors (who hold office until the close of the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders). At each annual meeting of stockholders, the term of one of the classes of directors expires. The class of directors with a term expiring at the Annual Meeting are the Class I directors, currently consisting of four directors, Stephen Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Alison Moore, Ph.D., Rahul Singhvi, Sc.D. and Patrick Y. Yang, Ph.D.

Director Nominees

Based upon the recommendation of our nominating and corporate governance committee, our board of directors has nominated each of Drs. Dilly, Moore and Singhvi for election as a Class I director to our board; Dr. Yang previously informed us of his decision not to stand for reelection and consequently was not nominated by the board of directors. If elected, each director nominee would serve a three-year term expiring at the close of our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders, or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified. Drs. Dilly, Moore and Singhvi currently serve on our board of directors and have agreed to be named in this proxy statement and to serve as a director if elected. Biographical information on each of the director nominees is furnished below under “Director Nominee Biographical Information.”

Set forth below is information regarding the director nominees as of April 20, 2023:

Director Nominee Biographical Information

The following biographical information is furnished as of April 20, 2023 with regard to the director nominees.

Stephen G. Dilly, M.B.B.S., Ph.D. has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since August 2022 and as a director of Codexis since June 2020. Dr. Dilly brings to our board of directors and Codexis extensive management experience in the life science industry and experience in drug development. From May 2020 until its acquisition by GlaxoSmithKline plc in July 2022, Dr. Dilly served as Chief Executive Officer of Sierra Oncology, a public, late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company, and as a member of Sierra’s board of directors. Dr. Dilly previously served as Chief Executive Officer of Aimmune Therapeutics, a public biopharmaceutical company that was acquired by Nestlé Health Science, from April 2014 to June 2018 and as a member of Aimmune’s board of directors from April 2013 to June 2018. Dr. Dilly was Chief Executive Officer

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of PhotoThera, Inc., a medical device company, from January 2012 to December 2012. From 2006 to 2011, Dr. Dilly served as President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors of APT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a drug development company. From 2007 to 2009, he was a member of the board of directors of Avigen, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, which merged with MediciNova, Inc. in December 2009. From 2003 to 2006, he served as Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President of Development of Chiron BioPharma, a biotechnology company which was later acquired by Novartis International AG. From 1998 to 2003, Dr. Dilly held various management positions at Genentech, Inc., a biotechnology company acquired by Roche Holding, including Vice President of Development Sciences from 2002 to 2003 and Vice President of Medical Affairs from 1998 to 2001. From 1988 to 1998, Dr. Dilly held various management positions in drug development with SmithKline Beecham, PLC, a healthcare company in the U.K. Dr. Dilly currently serves on the board of directors of Cognoa, Inc., a digital healthcare company. From 2010 until September 2020, Dr. Dilly served on the board of directors of Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., a public genomic therapies company. Dr. Dilly holds an M.B.B.S. from the University of London in the U.K. and a Ph.D. in cardiac physiology from the University of London.

Rahul Singhvi, Sc.D. has served as a director of Codexis since September 2022. Dr. Singhvi brings to our board of directors extensive experience and expertise in research and development, operations and commercialization of pharmaceuticals. Dr. Singhvi has served as the Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors of National Resilience, Inc., a private biomanufacturing company, since July 2020. From October 2019 to July 2020, Dr. Singhvi was an Operating Partner at Flagship Pioneering, a life sciences innovation firm, where he was responsible for founding and operating companies launched from Flagship’s innovation foundry, Flagship Venture Labs. Before joining Flagship, from September 2013 until October 2019, Dr. Singhvi was the Chief Operating Officer of the Global Vaccine Business Unit at Takeda Vaccines, a biotechnology company, where he oversaw the worldwide supply and expansion efforts of all commercialized vaccines and development candidates within the business unit. Prior to Takeda, from August 2005 to April 2011, he was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Novavax, Inc., a public vaccine-development company. Dr. Singhvi previously served on the board of directors of ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., a public immunotherapy company, from June 2010 to November 2018. Dr. Singhvi serves on the board of directors of Garuda Therapeutics, a private stem cell-based cellular therapies company. Dr. Singhvi holds a B. Tech in Chemical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, an M.S. and Sc.D. in Chemical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

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Board Recommendation

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” ALL OF THE DIRECTOR NOMINEES.

Directors Not Standing for Election

Set forth below is information, as of April 20, 2023, for the members of the board who are not standing for election at the Annual Meeting:

The following biographical information is furnished as of April 20, 2023 with regard to our directors who are not standing for election at the Annual Meeting.

Jennifer Aaker, PhD. has served as a director of Codexis since August 2020. Dr. Aaker brings to our board of directors a unique academic expertise and perspective on delivering long-term, sustainable value. Dr. Aaker is currently the General Atlantic Professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and a leading scholar and best-selling author. Dr. Aaker joined the faculty of Stanford University in 2005 where she teaches ground-breaking courses. She is the recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, Stanford Distinguished Teaching Award, Jaedicke Silver Apple Award, and the MBA Professor of the Year Award recognizing her as “one of the most creative thinkers and innovators.” Dr. Aaker currently serves on the board of directors and the audit committee of the Stephen and Ayesha Curry Eat. Learn. Play. Foundation, a director for Decarbonization + Acquisition Corp (DCRB, DCRN, DCRC), and is an advisor to Fortune 100 companies including Goldman Sachs. Dr. Aaker is an advisor to Fortune 100 companies including Goldman Sachs. Previously, Dr. Aaker has served on the board of directors of Corporate Visions, Inc., and as an advisor to X Development, LLC, a part of Alphabet. Dr. Aaker is widely published in leading scientific journals and featured in The Wall Street Journal, The Economist, The New York Times, Science, and The Atlantic. Dr. Aaker has co-authored multiple books. Previously, Dr. Aaker was a professor at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, where she conducted research that resulted in her seminal paper, Dimensions of Brand Personality, a model that empirically illuminates how to build strong global brands. Dr. Aaker holds a Ph.D. in business from the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a BA in psychology from the University of California, Berkeley.

Esther Martinborough, Ph.D. has served as a director of Codexis since February 2021. Dr. Martinborough brings to our board of directors significant experience as an executive of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies

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H. Stewart Parker has served as a director of Codexis since December 2022. Ms. Parker brings to our board of directors extensive experience in management of biotechnology companies and public company corporate governance. Ms. Parker has served as a Principal at Parker BioConsulting, a biotechnology consulting firm, since January 2009. From March 2011 to June 2014, Ms. Parker served in various roles at the Infectious Disease Research Institute, a not-for-profit global health research institute, including as its Chief Executive Officer, strategic advisor and a member of its board of directors. Prior to that, Ms. Parker served in various roles of leadership at biopharmaceutical companies since 1992, including as Chief Executive Officer of Targeted Genetics Corporation, a public biopharmaceutical company, which she founded. Since 2014, Ms. Parker has served on the board of directors of IMPEL Pharmaceuticals Inc., a public pharmaceutical company and Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., a public genomic therapies company. Ms. Parker has also served on the board of directors of Stride Bio, Inc., a private biotechnology company concentrating on gene therapy, since January 2018, and Inventprise, Inc., a private biotechnology company, since February 2018. Previously, Ms. Parker served on the board of directors of Achieve Life Sciences, Inc., a public pharmaceutical company, from August 2017 to May 2021, and Armata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly C3J Therapeutics, Inc.), a public biotechnology company, from May 2019 to December 2020. Ms. Parker also serves on the advisory boards of the University of Washington Foster School of Business and College of Arts & Sciences. Ms. Parker holds a B.A. in Slavic Language & Literature and an M.B.A. in Finance and International Business from the University of Washington.

Byron L. Dorgan has served as a director of Codexis since February 2011 and as chairman of our board of directors since June 2021. Mr. Dorgan brings to our board of directors experience in economic issues, policy making, health care and government affairs. Mr. Dorgan represented the State of North Dakota in the United States Senate from 1992 to January 2011, when he retired. Prior to serving in the United States Senate, Mr. Dorgan served in the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 1992. During his time in the United States Senate, Mr. Dorgan served in the United States Senate Leadership, first as Assistant Democratic Floor Leader and then as Chairman of the Democratic Policy Committee. He also served as the Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs and was the senior Senator on the Appropriations, Energy and Commerce Committees. Prior to being elected to the United States House of Representatives, Mr. Dorgan served as North Dakota State Tax Commissioner from 1969 until 1980. Mr. Dorgan is a New York Times bestselling author of five books, including Take this Job and Ship It: How Corporate Greed and Brain-Dead Politics Are Selling Out America; Reckless! How Debt, Deregulation and Dark Money Nearly Bankrupted America; Blowout; Gridlock; and The Girl in the Photograph. Mr. Dorgan serves on the board of advisors to OpenGov, a private software firm that focuses on products for state and local governments. Mr. Dorgan is a Senior Fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center, a non-profit Washington, D.C. thinktank. Mr. Dorgan is chairman emeritus of a non-profit board, The Center for Native American Youth (CNAY), working with Native American youth living on Indian Reservations in the United States. Mr. Dorgan also serves as a member of the Board of Governors of Argonne National Laboratory and has served as an Adjunct Visiting Professor at Georgetown University. Additionally, Mr. Dorgan serves on the board of directors of the Energy Futures Initiative. Mr. Dorgan holds a B.S. from the University of North Dakota and an M.B.A. from the University of Denver.

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David V. Smith has served as a director of Codexis since March 2016. Mr. Smith brings to our board of directors extensive experience in financial management, corporate finance and corporate governance. Mr. Smith served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc., a public company focused on discovering and developing novel immuno-oncology protein therapeutics, from November 2018 until its acquisition by Amgen, Inc. in April 2021. Previously, Mr. Smith served as Chief Operating Officer of IntegenX, a private company focused on rapid DNA identification technology, until its acquisition by Thermo Fisher Scientific in March 2018. Prior to IntegenX, he was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Thoratec Corporation, a public company focused on the development of advanced therapy options for the treatment of heart disease, from December 2006 until July 2011. Prior to joining Thoratec in 2006, Mr. Smith served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Chiron Corporation, which he joined in 1999, and where he held a number of positions of increasing responsibility, including Vice President, Principal Accounting Officer and Controller, and Vice President of Finance. Mr. Smith served as the Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer at Anergen Incorporated from 1997 to 1999. From 1988 to 1997, Mr. Smith served in various financial management positions with Genentech, Inc., both in the United States and Europe. He previously held finance positions at Syntex Corporation and IBM Corporation. Mr. Smith previously served as chair of the Audit Committee and a Director of OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company. He also served on the board of directors of Perlegen Sciences, Inc., a private biotechnology company, and of Acepodia, Inc, a private biotechnology company. Mr. Smith currently serves on the board of directors of IO Biotech, a public clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel, immune-modulating cancer therapies, and Neurelis Inc., private commercial-stage neuroscience company focused on the development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of epilepsy and orphan neurologic disorders. Additionally, Mr. Smith currently serves as an advisor to Monterey Bio Acquisition Corporation, a public special purpose acquisition company. Mr. Smith holds a B.A. in Economics and History from Willamette University and an M.B.A. specializing in finance from Golden Gate University.

Dennis P. Wolf has served as a director of Codexis since December 2007. Mr. Wolf brings to our board of directors extensive experience in financial management, corporate finance and public company corporate governance. Mr. Wolf served as Chief Financial Officer of DataStax, Inc., a private software company, from November 2013 to February 2017. Previously, Mr. Wolf served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Fusion-io Multisystems, a private computer hardware and software company, from November 2009 to October 2013. Prior to Fusion-io, Mr. Wolf served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of MySQL AB, a private software company. Mr. Wolf has served as Chief Financial Officer of several public and private companies including Centigram Communications, Credence Systems, DataStax, Omnicell and Redback Networks. Earlier in his career he held executive positions at both Apple Computer and Sun Microsystems. Mr. Wolf has been a director and chair of the audit committee for other public companies including Quantum Corporation, Avanex Corporation, Bigband Networks, Komag, Inc., Registry Magic, Inc., Vitria Technology, Inc., Alphaeon Corporation and Exponential Interactive, Inc. He is a member of the board of the non-profit Siegel Rare Neuro Immune Association (SRNA) whose charter is to provide research and support for those suffering from neurological diseases. Mr. Wolf holds a B.A. from the University of Colorado (where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa) and an M.B.A. from the University of Denver.

Executive Officers

The executive officers of Codexis are set forth below with their ages as of April 20, 2023:

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Executive Officer Biographical Information

The following biographical information is furnished with regard to our executive officers (except for Dr. Dilly, whose biographical information appears above under “Director Nominees”) as of April 20, 2023:

Kevin Norrett M.B.A. has served as our Chief Operating Officer since October 2022. Mr. Norrett served as the Chief Business Officer of Sierra Oncology, a public clinical stage oncology company acquired by GlaxoSmithKline plc, a public pharmaceutical industry company, from August 2020 to September 2022. He served as Chief Commercial Officer at Angion Biomedica Corp., a public clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, from July 2019 to August 2020. Prior to Angion, Mr. Norrett held roles of increasing responsibility at Aimmune Therapeutics, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company that was acquired by Nestlé Health Science, between January 2017 and July 2019, most recently serving as Vice President, Marketing, Market Access & Commercial Operations from May 2019 until July 2019. Prior to that, Mr. Norrett was Vice President of Market Access & Commercial Development at ZS Pharma, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from October 2014 until January 2017. Mr. Norrett holds a B.S. in Biological Sciences from the University of California, Davis, an M.S. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from the University of California, Los Angeles and an M.B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business.

Sriram Ryali, M.B.A. has served as our Chief Financial Officer since January 2023. Mr. Ryali served as the Chief Financial Officer of Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., a public commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company, from December 2018 to January 2023. During this time, Mr. Ryali was responsible for Finance, Investor Relations and other General and Administrative functions as the company initiated multiple late-stage clinical trials and launched its first commercial product in the U.S. and Europe. He served as Vice President, Finance from December 2017 to December 2018, and Senior Director, Finance from 2015 to 2017, at Aimmune Therapeutics, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company that was acquired by Nestlé Health Science. Prior to that, Mr. Ryali was Senior Director, Financial Planning & Analysis at Jazz Pharmaceuticals, plc., a private pharmaceutical company, in 2015, and held a series of different finance-related positions of increasing responsibility at Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Amgen, Inc. from 2004 to 2015. Mr. Ryali holds a B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles with a double-major in Economics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and an M.B.A. from the UCLA Anderson School of Management.

Margaret Nell Fitzgerald has served as the Chief Legal and Compliance Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Codexis since October 2022. Ms. Fitzgerald served as General Counsel, Corporate Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer at Allakos, Inc., a public biotechnology company, from January 2022 to October 2022. Prior to Allakos, Ms. Fitzgerald was Associate General Counsel and Privacy Officer at Aimmune Therapeutics, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company that was acquired by Nestlé Health Science, from 2017 to December 2018. Previously, Ms. Fitzgerald served as Vice President of Corporate Law at ZS Pharma, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from 2015 to 2017, where she chaired negotiations, resulting in the $2.7 billion sale of ZS Pharma to AstraZeneca plc, a public pharmaceutical industry company. Prior to ZS Pharma, Ms. Fitzgerald held roles of increasing responsibility at Genentech, Inc. from 2003 to 2012, ultimately serving as Associate General Counsel and Director of Transactional Law. Ms. Fitzgerald also served as an Associate Attorney at Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP. Ms. Fitzgerald holds a B.A. and an M.A. in History from Stanford University and a J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.

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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MATTERS

Composition of the Board of Directors

Our bylaws and amended and restated certificate of incorporation (“Certificate of Incorporation”) provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors. Any additional directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors. The division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms may delay or prevent a change of our management or a change of control at our Company. Of the members of our board of directors and nominees to serve as members of our board of directors, Drs. Aaker, Martinborough, Moore and Singhvi, Messrs. Dorgan, Smith and Wolf and Ms. Parker are independent directors as defined under the listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”). There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

Board Leadership Structure

The role of chairman of our board of directors is separate from the Chief Executive Officer position in order to ensure independent leadership of our board of directors. Our board of directors has determined that its structure is appropriate to fulfill its duties effectively and efficiently, so that our Chief Executive Officer can focus on leading our Company, while the chairman can focus on leading the board of directors in overseeing management.

Board Meetings

Our board of directors held 10 meetings during 2022. During 2022, all of our directors attended at least 75% of the combined total of (i) all board of directors meetings held during the period for which each such director was a member of the board of directors and (ii) all meetings of committees of the board of directors of which the director was a member. Each board member is free to suggest the inclusion of items on the agenda for each board meeting. The independent members of our board of directors regularly meets in executive session without management or other employees present. The board of directors encourages its members to attend its annual meetings of stockholders. Mr. Nicols was the only member of our board of directors to attend our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders.

Board Committees

Our board of directors has the following standing committees: an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee, a science and technology committee and a strategic committee. The composition and responsibilities of the audit committee, the compensation committee, the nominating and corporate governance committee, the science and technology committee and the strategic committee are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee oversees our corporate accounting and financial reporting process. Among other matters, the audit committee selects the independent registered public accounting firm; evaluates the independent registered public accounting firm’s qualifications, independence and performance; determines the engagement of the independent registered public accounting firm; reviews and approves the scope of the annual audit and the audit fees; discusses with management and the independent registered public accounting firm the results of the annual audit and the review of our quarterly consolidated financial statements; approves the retention of the independent registered public accounting firm to perform any proposed permissible non-audit services; monitors the rotation of partners of the independent registered public accounting firm on our engagement team as required by law; reviews our consolidated financial statements and our management’s discussion and analysis of financial

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condition and results of operations to be included in our annual and quarterly reports to be filed with the SEC; reviews our critical accounting policies and estimates; and annually reviews the audit committee charter and the committee’s performance. Additionally, our audit committee reviews the relevant facts and circumstances of any related party transactions and reviews the conflicts of interest and corporate opportunity provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. In 2022, the members of our audit committee were Stephen Dilly (beginning February 2022 until August 2022), Byron L. Dorgan (until February 2022 and again from August 2022 until December 2022), H. Stewart Parker (beginning December 2022), David V. Smith and Dennis P. Wolf. The current members of our audit committee are Messrs. Smith and Wolf and Ms. Parker. Mr. Smith serves as the chair of our audit committee. All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq. Our board of directors has determined that each of Messrs. Smith and Wolf is an audit committee financial expert as defined under the applicable rules of the SEC and has the requisite financial sophistication as defined under applicable Nasdaq rules. Each of the members of our audit committee qualifies as an independent director under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq listing standards relating to audit committee independence. Our audit committee has been established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act and operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable standards of the SEC and Nasdaq. The audit committee charter can be found in the corporate governance section of our website at www.codexis.com. The audit committee met five times during 2022.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee reviews and recommends policies relating to compensation and benefits of our officers and employees. Our compensation committee reviews and approves corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers, evaluates the performance of these officers in light of those goals and objectives, and sets the compensation of these officers based on such evaluations. Our compensation committee also reviews and approves the grants of stock options and other equity awards under our stock plans. Our compensation committee reviews and evaluates, at least annually, the performance of the compensation committee and its members, including compliance of the compensation committee with its charter. The compensation committee’s charter permits it to delegate any or all of its responsibilities to a subcommittee of compensation committee members, but only to the extent consistent with our Certificate of Incorporation, bylaws, Nasdaq rules and other applicable law. In 2022, the members of our compensation committee were Bryon L. Dorgan (until December 2022), Alison Moore, Rahul Singhvi (beginning October 2022) and Dennis P. Wolf. The current members of our compensation committee are Drs. Moore and Singhvi and Mr. Wolf. Dr. Moore serves as the chair of our compensation committee. Each of the members of our compensation committee is an independent director under the Nasdaq listing standards and an “outside” director under the applicable rules and regulations under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”) relating to compensation committee independence. Our compensation committee operates under a written charter, which can be found in the corporate governance section of our website at www.codexis.com. The compensation committee met six times during 2022.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for making recommendations to our board of directors regarding candidates for directorships and the size and composition of our board of directors. In addition, the nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for overseeing our corporate governance policies and reporting and making recommendations to our board of directors concerning governance matters. In 2022, the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee were Jennifer Aaker, Byron Dorgan (beginning December 2022), Stephen Dilly (until August 2022) and Patrick Y. Yang. The current members of our nominating and corporate governance committee are Drs. Aaker and Yang (until the Annual Meeting) and Mr. Dorgan. Dr. Yang serves as the chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee and Mr. Dorgan will serve as chair following the Annual Meeting. Each of the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee is an independent director under Nasdaq listing standards relating to nominating

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and corporate governance committee independence. The nominating and corporate governance committee operates under a written charter, which can be found in the corporate governance section of our website at www.codexis.com. The nominating and corporate governance committee met four times during 2022.

Science and Technology Committee

Our science and technology committee assists our board of directors and management in understanding emerging or evolving scientific or technological issues of importance to the Company, the status and progress of our research and development programs and our intellectual property position. In addition, the science and technology committee advises management on our technology development programs in order to enable us to achieve our long-term strategic technology development objectives. In 2022, the members of our science and technology committee were Stephen Dilly (until December 2022), Esther Martinborough, Alison Moore, Rahul Singhvi (beginning October 2022) and Patrick Y. Yang (until October 2022). The current members of our science and technology committee are Drs. Martinborough, Moore and Singhvi. Dr. Martinborough serves as the chair of our science and technology committee. The science and technology committee operates under a written charter, which can be found in the corporate governance section of our website at www.codexis.com. The science and technology committee met four times during 2022.

Strategic Committee

Our strategic committee assists our board of directors by making recommendations to our board of directors on the Company’s strategic direction and objectives and serve as a liaison between the board of directors and management. In 2022, the members of our strategic committee were Esther Martinborough, H. Stewart Parker (beginning December 2022), David V. Smith and Patrick Y. Yang (until December 2022). The current members of our strategic committee are Dr. Martinborough, Ms. Parker and Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith serves as the chair of our strategic committee. The strategic committee operates under a written charter, which can be found in the corporate governance section of our website at www.codexis.com. The strategic committee met two times during 2022.

Risk Oversight

Our board of directors generally oversees corporate risk in its review and deliberations relating to our activities, including financial and strategic risk relevant to our operations. In addition, our board of directors regularly reviews information regarding our credit, liquidity and operations, as well as the risks associated with each. The audit committee oversees management of financial risks. Our compensation committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to our executive and other compensation plans and arrangements and employee retention. The nominating and corporate governance committee manages risks associated with the independence of our board of directors and potential conflicts of interest. While each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, the entire board of directors is regularly informed through committee reports about such risks. Our board of directors believes that administration of its risk oversight function has not affected the board of directors’ leadership structure.

Risk Assessment and Compensation Practices

Our management assesses and discusses with our compensation committee our compensation policies and practices for our employees as they relate to our risk management and, based upon this assessment, we believe that any risks arising from such policies and practices are not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us in the future.

Our employees’ base salaries are fixed in amount and thus we do not believe that they encourage excessive risk-taking. While performance-based cash bonuses focus on achievement of annual goals, which may encourage the taking annual risks at the expense of long-term results, we believe that our compensation policies help mitigate

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this risk and that our performance-based cash bonuses are limited, representing a small portion of the total compensation opportunities available to most employees. We also believe that our performance-based cash bonuses appropriately balance risk and the desire to focus our employees on specific short-term goals important to our success, and do not encourage unnecessary or excessive risk-taking.

A portion of the compensation provided to our eligible employees is in the form of long-term equity-based incentives that we believe are important to help further align our employees’ interests with those of our stockholders. We do not believe that these equity-based incentives encourage unnecessary or excessive risk taking because their ultimate value is tied to our stock price.

Director Nominations and Board Diversity

Our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for reviewing with our board of directors, on an annual basis, the appropriate characteristics, skills and experience required for the board of directors as a whole and its individual members. In evaluating the suitability of individual candidates (both new candidates and current members), the nominating and corporate governance committee, in recommending candidates for election, and the board of directors, in approving (and, in the case of vacancies, appointing) such candidates, takes into account many factors, including: personal and professional integrity, ethics and values; experience in corporate management, such as serving as an officer or former officer of a publicly held company and a general understanding of marketing, finance and other elements relevant to the success of a publicly-traded company in today’s business environment; experience in Codexis’ industry and relevant social policy concerns; experience as a board member of another publicly held company; academic expertise in an area of Codexis’ operations; practical and mature business judgment, including the ability to make independent analytical inquiries; and diversity of business or career experience relevant to the success of Codexis, such as public policy and government relations. The board of directors evaluates each individual in the context of the board of directors as a whole, with the objective of assembling a group that can best maximize the success of the business and represent stockholder interests through the exercise of sound judgment using its diversity of experience in these various areas.

The nominating and corporate governance committee may decide to retain an executive search firm to identify director candidates, and if so, will identify the search firm and approve the search firm’s fees and other retention terms and will specify for the search firm the criteria to use in identifying potential candidates, consistent with the director qualification criteria described above. The nominating and corporate governance committee will also consider director candidates recommended by stockholders. For a stockholder to make any nomination for election to the board of directors at an annual meeting, the stockholder must provide notice to Codexis, which notice must be delivered to, or mailed and received at, Codexis’ principal executive offices not less than 90 days and not more than 120 days prior to the one-year anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, that if the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or more than 60 days after such anniversary date, the stockholder’s notice must be delivered, or mailed and received, not later than 90 days prior to the date of the annual meeting or, if later, the 10th day following the date on which public disclosure of the date of such annual meeting is made. Further updates and supplements to such notice may be required at the times and in the forms required under our bylaws. As set forth in our bylaws, in addition to the specific information required by Rule 14a-19(b) under the Exchange Act, submissions must include the name and address of the proposed nominee and the nominating person, information regarding the proposed nominee that is required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings in a contested election pursuant to Section 14(a) under the Exchange Act, information regarding the proposed nominee’s and the nominating person’s indirect and direct interests in shares of our common stock, information regarding the relationships between the proposed nominee and the nominating person (and such nominating person’s affiliates and those with whom the nominating person is acting in concert), and a completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement of the proposed nominee. Our bylaws also specify further requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. We recommend that any stockholder wishing to make a nomination for director review a copy of our bylaws, which are available, without charge, upon request to our Secretary, at 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063. Candidates

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recommended by our stockholders are evaluated in the same manner as candidates identified by a member of the nominating and corporate governance committee.

Director Demographic Matrix

The demographic information presented below is based on voluntary self-identification by each nominee or director. Additional biographical information on each nominee is set out under “Director Nominees” and “Directors Not Standing for Election.”

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

During 2022, Drs. Moore and Singhvi and Messrs. Dorgan and Wolf served as members of our compensation committee. None of the members of our compensation committee in 2022 nor any of the current members of the compensation committee, has at any time during the prior three years been an officer or employee of Codexis. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the prior three years has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee.

Communication with the Board

Interested persons, including stockholders, may communicate with our board of directors by sending a letter to our Secretary at our principal executive offices at 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063. Our Secretary will submit all correspondence to the chairman of the board of directors and to any specific director to whom the correspondence is directed.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including those officers responsible for financial reporting. Our code of business conduct and ethics can be found in the corporate governance section of our website at www.codexis.com. Please direct all requests to our Secretary at our principal executive offices at Codexis, Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063. We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of our code of business conduct and ethics, or waivers of such provisions, applicable to our directors and officers, on our website identified above.

Derivatives Trading, Hedging and Pledging Policies

Our Insider Trading Compliance Program provides that no employee, officer, director, consultant or contractor, or any family member or member of the same household of any such person, should directly or indirectly participate in transactions involving trading activities which by their aggressive or speculative nature may give rise to an appearance of impropriety, including short sales and the purchase or writing of put or call options. In addition, our Insider Trading Compliance Program specifically prohibits short sales, put and call options and other hedging transactions under 10b5-1 trading plans and provides that no employee, officer or director may pledge Company securities as collateral to secure loans. This prohibition means, among other things, that these individuals may not hold Company securities in a “margin” account, which would allow the individual to borrow against their holdings to buy securities.

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Director Compensation

Our non-employee director compensation policy provides for the following annual cash compensation to our non-employee directors: an annual cash retainer of $50,000 for their service as members of the board of directors, other than the chairman of the board of directors, who receives an annual cash retainer of $110,000; an additional annual cash retainer of $20,000 per year to members of our compensation committee, other than the chairperson of our compensation committee, who receives an additional annual cash retainer of $30,000 per year; an additional annual cash retainer of $10,000 per year to members of our nominating and corporate governance committee, other than the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee, who receives an additional annual cash retainer of $15,000 per year; an additional annual cash retainer of $20,000 per year to members of our audit committee, other than the chairperson of our audit committee, who receives an additional annual cash retainer of $30,000 per year; an additional annual cash retainer of $10,000 per year to members of the science and technology committee, other than the chairperson of our science and technology committee, who receives an additional cash retainer of $15,000; and an additional annual cash retainer of $10,000 per year to members of our strategic committee, other than the chairperson of our strategic committee, who receives an additional cash retainer of $15,000 per year. These cash retainers are paid quarterly in arrears.

In addition to the annual cash retainers, our non-employee director compensation policy provides that, upon election to our board of directors, each non-employee director is automatically granted an initial restricted stock award covering a number of shares of our common stock equal to $200,000 divided by the per share closing trading price of our common stock on the date of grant. Such initial restricted stock awards vest as to one-third of the total number of shares subject to the award on the first anniversary of the date the director commences service on our board of directors, with the remainder of the award vesting and becoming exercisable at a rate of one-third of the total number of shares subject to the award each year thereafter, subject to the director’s continued service to the Company on each applicable vesting date. In addition, the policy provides that, on the date of each annual meeting of stockholders, each non-employee director is granted a restricted stock award covering a number of shares of our common stock equal to $100,000 divided by the per share closing trading price of our common stock on the date of grant. Such annual restricted stock awards vest as to all of the shares subject to the award on the earlier of the first anniversary of the date of grant or the next annual stockholder meeting, subject to the director’s continued service to the Company on such vesting date.

The following table sets forth information regarding compensation earned by our non-employee directors who served during the year ended December 31, 2022. The compensation Dr. Dilly received as a non-employee director prior to being appointed our President and Chief Executive Officer and the compensation Mr. Nicols received during 2022 is reported below in “Executive Compensation – Compensation Tables – 2022 Summary Compensation Table.”

2022 Director Compensation Table

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PROPOSAL 2

RATIFICATION OF INDEPENDENT

REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The audit committee of our board of directors has selected BDO as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023, and has further directed that management submit the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm for ratification by the stockholders at the Annual Meeting. BDO has audited our financial statements since the year ended December 31, 2013. A representative of BDO is expected to be present at the Annual Meeting and will have an opportunity to make a statement if he or she so desires and will be available to respond to appropriate questions.

Stockholder ratification of the selection of BDO as our independent registered public accounting firm is not required by our bylaws or otherwise. However, the board of directors is submitting the selection of BDO to the stockholders for ratification as a matter of good corporate practice. If the stockholders fail to ratify the selection, the audit committee will reconsider whether or not to retain BDO. Even if the selection is ratified, the audit committee in its discretion may direct the appointment of a different independent registered public accounting firm at any time during the year if the audit committee determines that such a change would be in our and our stockholders’ best interests.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

BDO provided audit, audit-related, tax and other services to us during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 as follows:

Audit Fees

This category includes fees associated with professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, issuance of consents in connection with registration statements, providing comfort letters in connection with Codexis’ funding transactions and for the review of our interim financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Audit-Related Fees

There were no fees for services rendered by BDO that fall into the classification of audit-related fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Tax Fees

There were no fees for services rendered by BDO that fall into the classification of tax fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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All Other Fees

There were no fees for services rendered by BDO that fall into the classification of All Other Fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Before an independent registered public accounting firm is engaged by Codexis or its subsidiaries to render audit or non-audit services, our audit committee must review the terms of the proposed engagement and pre-approve the engagement. Our audit committee may delegate authority to a member of the audit committee to provide such pre-approvals for audit or non-audit services, provided that such person will be required to report all such pre-approvals to the full audit committee at its next scheduled meeting. All fees paid to BDO for audit and non-audit services provided during years 2022 and 2021 were pre-approved by the audit committee in accordance with the policy described above.

Board Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE RATIFICATION OF BDO USA, LLP AS OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2023.

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PROPOSAL 3

NON-BINDING, ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Reform Act”) added Section 14A to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which requires that we provide our stockholders with the opportunity to vote to approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in this proxy statement in accordance with the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC. Accordingly, our board of directors has approved the submission of the following resolution to our stockholders for approval at the Annual Meeting:

“RESOLVED, that the compensation paid to Codexis, Inc.’s named executive officers, as disclosed pursuant to Item 402 of Regulation S-K, including the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, compensation tables and narrative discussion, is hereby APPROVED.”

As described in greater detail under the heading “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” we seek to closely align the interests of our named executive officers with the interests of our stockholders. Our executive compensation program is designed to attract talented individuals to lead, manage and operate all aspects of our business and reward and retain those individuals who continue to meet our high expectations over time. Our executive compensation program combines short-term and long-term components, cash and equity, and fixed and contingent payments in the amounts and proportions that we believe are most appropriate to incentivize, retain and reward our named executive officers for achieving our objectives. Our executive compensation program also is intended to make us competitive in our industry, where there is considerable competition for talented executives. For more information on our executive compensation program, please refer to the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section of this proxy statement.

This vote is advisory, which means that the vote on executive compensation is not binding on Codexis, our board of directors or the compensation committee of our board of directors. Although the outcome of this advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers is non-binding, our compensation committee and our board of directors will review and consider the outcome of this vote when making future compensation decisions for our named executive officers. The vote on this resolution is not intended to address any specific element of compensation, but rather relates to the overall compensation of our named executive officers, as described in this proxy statement in accordance with the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC. Unless our board of directors changes its policy with respect to the frequency of the advisory vote on executive compensation, including in response to the outcome of the vote on Proposal 4, the next such vote will be held at our next annual meeting of stockholders.

Board Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE NON-BINDING, ADVISORY RESOLUTION ON THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.

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PROPOSAL 4

NON-BINDING, ADVISORY VOTE ON THE FREQUENCY OF FUTURE ADVISORY VOTES BY STOCKHOLDERS ON THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Reform Act, we are seeking a non-binding, advisory vote as to the frequency with which stockholders would have an opportunity to provide an advisory vote to approve the compensation of our named executive officers. Stockholders have the option of voting for future advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers to be held at a frequency of every one, two or three years, or abstaining.

While we will continue to monitor developments in this area, our board of directors believes it is appropriate and desirable to seek an advisory “Say-on-Pay” vote from stockholders every year. We believe that this frequency is appropriate because it will enable our stockholders to vote, on an advisory basis, on the most recent executive compensation information that is presented in each of our proxy statements, leading to a more meaningful and coherent communication between the Company and our stockholders on the compensation of our named executive officers.

Our board of directors’ current plan is further based on the premise that this recommendation could be modified if it becomes apparent that an annual frequency vote is not meaningful, is burdensome or is more frequent than indicated by best corporate governance practices.

Based on the factors discussed, our board of directors recommends that future non-binding, advisory votes to approve the compensation of our named executive officers occur every year until the next advisory vote on the frequency of advisory votes to approve the compensation of our named executive officers. Stockholders are not being asked to approve or disapprove our board of director’s recommendation, but rather to indicate their choice among the following frequency options: one year, two years or three years, or to abstain from voting.

This vote is advisory, and therefore not binding on us, the compensation committee or the board of directors. However, we value the opinions of our stockholders and will take into account the outcome of the vote when considering the frequency of submitting to stockholders a resolution to afford stockholders the opportunity to vote on executive compensation. If none of the frequency alternatives—one year, two years or three years—receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present in person by attendance online or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal, we will consider the highest number of votes cast by stockholders to be the frequency that has been selected by stockholders.

Board Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THAT STOCKHOLDERS VOTE FOR FUTURE ADVISORY VOTES ON THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS TO BE HELD AT A FREQUENCY OF “EVERY ONE YEAR.”

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PROPOSAL 5

APPROVAL OF AN AMENDMENT TO OUR CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF AUTHORIZED SHARES OF OUR COMMON STOCK

Overview of Amendment

Our Certificate of Incorporation currently authorizes the issuance of 100,000,000 shares of common stock. In April 2023, our board of directors adopted a resolution to amend the Certificate of Incorporation, subject to stockholder approval, to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock to 200,000,000 shares (the “Share Increase Amendment”). The additional 100,000,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance pursuant to the proposed Share Increase Amendment would be part of the existing class of common stock and, if and when issued, would have the same rights and privileges as the shares of common stock presently issued and outstanding. The holders of common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or cumulative voting.

The Share Increase Amendment will not affect the number of authorized shares of preferred stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), which is 5,000,000 shares. There are currently no issued and outstanding shares of Preferred Stock.

Reasons for the Increase in Authorized Shares

Our board of directors believes it is in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders to increase our authorized shares of common stock so that we have shares of common stock available to provide additional flexibility to promptly and appropriately use our common stock for business and financial purposes in the future, as well as to have sufficient shares available to provide appropriate equity incentives for our employees and other eligible service providers. The additional shares of common stock, if approved, may be used for various purposes without further stockholder approval. These purposes may include: raising capital; providing equity incentives to employees, officers, directors, consultants and/or advisers; establishing collaborative or partnering arrangements with other companies; expanding our business through the acquisition of other businesses, products or technologies; and other purposes.

For example, we may decide to raise additional capital to fund our operations, research and development expenses and commercially launch new novel biotherapeutics, if approved, or to make other strategic transactions. In light of our capital needs, we regularly consider fund raising opportunities and may decide, from time to time, to raise capital based on various factors, including market conditions and our plans of operation.

In this regard, if the board of directors determines that raising additional capital through issuing the additional shares of our common stock is desirable, we want to be able to act quickly if market conditions are favorable.

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Given the lack of sufficient available unissued and unreserved authorized shares of our common stock, if this proposal is not approved, we will not be able to raise future capital without first obtaining stockholder approval for an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock. The cost, prior notice requirements and delay involved in obtaining stockholder approval at the time that corporate action may be necessary or desirable could completely eliminate our ability to opportunistically capitalize on favorable market windows, which could delay or preclude our ability to advance our development and potential commercialization efforts.

In addition, our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and clinical personnel, and if this Share Increase Amendment is not approved by our stockholders, the lack of unissued and unreserved authorized shares of common stock to provide future equity incentive opportunities that our board of directors and compensation committee deem appropriate could adversely impact our ability to achieve these goals.

In summary, if our stockholders do not approve this proposal, we may not be able to access the capital markets; continue to conduct the research and development and clinical and regulatory activities necessary to advance our biotherapeutic candidates and performance enzymes; complete future corporate collaborations and partnerships; attract, retain and motivate employees, officers, directors, consultants and/or advisers; and pursue other business opportunities integral to our growth and success, all of which could severely harm our business and our prospects.

Effects of Increase

The Share Increase Amendment will not have any immediate effect on the rights of existing stockholders. However, our board of directors will have the authority to issue authorized common stock without requiring future stockholder approval of such issuances, except as may be required by applicable law or Nasdaq rules. Future issuances of common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for common stock could have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share, book value per share and the voting power and interest of our current stockholders.

Our board of directors has not proposed the Share Increase Amendment with the intention of discouraging tender offers or takeover attempts of the Company. However, the availability of additional authorized shares for issuance could, under certain circumstances, discourage or make more difficult efforts to obtain control of our Company. This proposal is not being presented with the intent that it be used to prevent or discourage any acquisition attempt, but nothing would prevent our board of directors from taking any appropriate actions not inconsistent with its fiduciary duties. We do not have a poison pill plan and have not made any non-shareholder approved repricings of our equity awards.

The Proposed Amendment

If our stockholders approve this proposal, then the first sentence of Article IV, Section A of our Certificate of Incorporation will be deleted and replaced in its entirety to read as follows:

“This Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of stock to be designated, respectively, “Common Stock” and “Preferred Stock.” The total number of shares that the Corporation is authorized to issue is two hundred five million (205,000,000) shares, two hundred million (200,000,000) shares of which shall be Common Stock and five million (5,000,000) shares of which shall be Preferred Stock. The Common Stock shall have a par value of one-hundredth of one cent ($0.0001) per share and the Preferred Stock shall have a par value of one-hundredth of one cent ($0.0001) per share.”

Vote Required

The affirmative vote of a majority of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock entitled to vote is required to approve this proposal. If the Share Increase Amendment is approved by stockholders, all other

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sections of the Certificate of Incorporation would be maintained in their current form. The Share Increase Amendment would become effective upon the filing of a certificate of amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, which the Company would do promptly after the Annual Meeting. The form of the certificate of amendment is attached hereto as Appendix A. In the event that the Share Increase Amendment is not approved by our stockholders at the Annual Meeting, the current Certificate of Incorporation would remain in effect in its entirety. Our board of directors reserves the right, notwithstanding stockholder approval of the Share Increase Amendment and without further action by our stockholders, not to proceed with the Share Increase Amendment at any time before it becomes effective. Abstentions will have the same effect as voting against this proposal.

Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal

Under Delaware law, stockholders are not entitled to appraisal rights with respect to the Share Increase Amendment, and we will not independently provide our stockholders with any such right.

Board Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THAT STOCKHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE AMENDMENT OF THE COMPANY’S AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF AUTHORIZED SHARES OF COMMON STOCK OF THE COMPANY FROM 100,000,000 to 200,000,000.

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PROPOSAL 6

APPROVAL OF THE CODEXIS, INC. 2023 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN

Overview

Our stockholders are being asked to approve the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) and the material terms thereunder. The board of directors approved the ESPP, subject to stockholder approval at the Annual Meeting. The ESPP will become effective upon approval by our stockholders.

The ESPP is described in more detail below. A copy of the ESPP is included in Appendix B to this proxy statement.

The ESPP

The ESPP is designed to allow eligible employees of the Company to purchase shares of the our common stock with their accumulated payroll deductions. The ESPP is divided into two components: the “Section 423 Component” and the “Non-Section 423 Component.” The Section 423 Component is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code. The Non-Section 423 Component is not intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code and will be used to grant stock options to certain non-U.S. employees, eligible consultants and certain U.S. employees who are employed by certain of our subsidiaries that do not participate in the Section 423 Component. The material terms of the ESPP are summarized below. The purpose of the ESPP is to assist such employees (and certain eligible consultants who may participate in the Non-section 423 Component only) in acquiring a stock ownership interest in the Company, to help such service providers provide for their future security and to encourage such service providers to remain in the service of Codexis. The board of directors believes that equity awards are necessary to remain competitive in its industry and are essential to recruiting and retaining the highly qualified employees who help us meet our goals.

Summary of the ESPP

This section summarizes certain principal features of the ESPP. The summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the ESPP, which is attached hereto as Appendix B.

Administration

Subject to the terms and conditions of the ESPP, the compensation committee will administer the ESPP. The compensation committee can delegate administrative tasks under the ESPP to the services of an agent and/or employees to assist in the administration of the ESPP. The administrator will have the discretionary authority to administer and interpret the ESPP. Interpretations and constructions of the administrator of any provision of the ESPP or of any rights thereunder will be conclusive and binding on all persons. We will bear all expenses and liabilities incurred by the ESPP administration.

Shares Available for Awards

The maximum number of shares of our common stock which will be authorized for sale under the ESPP is 2,000,000 shares of our common stock. The shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP may be authorized but unissued shares or reacquired shares.

Eligibility

Employees eligible to participate in the ESPP for a given offering period generally include employees who are employed by us or one of our designated subsidiaries on the first day of the offering period, or the enrollment

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date. Our employees (and, if applicable, any employees of our subsidiaries) who customarily work less than five months in a calendar year or are customarily scheduled to work less than 20 hours per week will not be eligible to participate in the ESPP. Finally, an employee who owns (or is deemed to own through attribution) 5% or more of the combined voting power or value of all our classes of stock or of one of our subsidiaries will not be allowed to participate in the ESPP.

A consultant may be designated by the compensation committee to participate in the Non-Section 423 Component if the consultant is engaged by us or one of our designated subsidiaries, including, without limitation, through a professional employer organization, on a given enrollment date for an offering period. In no event shall a consultant be eligible to participate in the Section 423 Component.

Participation

Employees will enroll under the ESPP by completing a payroll deduction form permitting the deduction from their compensation of at least 1% of their compensation but not more than 15% of their compensation. Such payroll deductions may be expressed as either a whole number percentage or a fixed dollar amount, and the accumulated deductions will be applied to the purchase of shares on each purchase date. Eligible consultants may become a participant in the Non-Section 423 Component by completing a fee deduction authorization.

Offering

Under the ESPP, participants are offered the option to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount during a series of successive offering periods, the duration and timing of which will be determined by the ESPP administrator. However, in no event may an offering period be longer than 27 months in length. The offering periods are each comprised of one or more equal length or shorter purchase periods. Initially, each offering period will be 24 months and comprised of four six-month purchase periods. If the fair market value of a share of common stock on any exercise date (other than the final scheduled exercise date of an offering period) is lower than the fair market value of a share of common stock on the grant date of an offering period, then the offering period will automatically terminate, and each participant will automatically be enrolled in the next offering period.

Under the Section 423 Component, participants may not purchase shares of our common stock at a rate which exceeds $25,000 of fair market value of our stock (determined at the time the option to purchase shares under the ESPP is granted) for each calendar year in which the option is outstanding (as determined in accordance with Section 423 of the Code).

Unless a participant has previously canceled his or her participation in the ESPP before the purchase date, the participant will be deemed to have exercised his or her option in full as of each purchase date. Upon exercise, the participant will purchase the number of whole shares that his or her accumulated payroll deductions will buy at the option purchase price, subject to the participation limitations listed above.

A participant may cancel his or her payroll deduction authorization at any time prior to the end of the offering period. Upon cancellation, the participant will have the option to either (i) receive a refund of the participant’s account balance in cash without interest or (ii) exercise the participant’s option for the current offering period for

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the maximum number of shares of common stock on the applicable purchase date, with the remaining account balance refunded in cash without interest. Following at least one payroll deduction, a participant may also decrease (but not increase) his or her payroll deduction authorization once during any offering period. If a participant wants to increase or decrease the rate of payroll withholding, he or she may do so effective for the next offering period by submitting a new form before the offering period for which such change is to be effective.

A participant may not assign, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of (other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution) payroll deductions credited to a participant’s account or any rights to exercise an option or to receive shares of our common stock under the ESPP, and during a participant’s lifetime, options in the ESPP shall be exercisable only by such participant. Any such attempt at assignment, transfer, pledge or other disposition will not be given effect.

Adjustments

In the event of any increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of our common stock resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification of our common stock, or any other increase or decrease in the number of shares of our common stock effected without receipt of consideration by us, we will proportionately adjust the aggregate number of shares of our common stock offered under the ESPP, the number and price of shares which any participant has elected to purchase under the ESPP and the maximum number of shares which a participant may elect to purchase in any single offering period. If there is a proposal to dissolve or liquidate us, then the ESPP will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed dissolution or liquidation, and any offering period then in progress will be shortened by setting a new purchase date to take place before the date of our dissolution or liquidation. We will notify each participant of such change in writing at least ten business days prior to the new exercise date. If we undergo a merger with or into another corporation or sell all or substantially all of our assets, each outstanding option will be assumed or an equivalent option substituted by the successor corporation or the parent or subsidiary of the successor corporation. If the successor corporation refuses to assume the outstanding options or substitute equivalent options, then any offering period then in progress will be shortened by setting a new purchase date to take place before the date of our proposed sale or merger. We will notify each participant of such change in writing at least ten business days prior to the new exercise date.

Amendment and Termination

Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the ESPP at any time. However, our board of directors may not amend the ESPP without obtaining shareholder approval within 12 months before or after such amendment to the extent required by applicable laws.

Material United States Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a general summary under current law of the principal United States federal income tax consequences related to the purchase of shares under the ESPP. This summary deals with the general federal income tax principles that apply and is provided only for general information. Certain taxes, such as state, local and foreign income taxes and federal employment taxes, are not discussed. As such, tax consequences for employees participating in the Non-Section 423 Component of the ESPP are not discussed. This summary is not intended as tax advice to participants, who should consult their own tax advisors.

The Section 423 Component of the ESPP, and the right of participants to make purchases thereunder, is intended to qualify under the provisions of Section 423 of the Code. Under the applicable Code provisions, no income will be taxable to a participant until the sale or other disposition of the shares purchased under the ESPP. This means that an eligible employee will not recognize taxable income on the date the employee is granted an option under the ESPP. In addition, the employee will not recognize taxable income upon the purchase of shares. Upon such

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sale or disposition, the participant generally will be subject to tax in an amount that depends upon the length of time such shares are held by the participant prior to disposing of them. If the shares are sold or disposed of more than two years from the date of grant and more than one year from the date of purchase, or if the participant dies while holding the shares, the participant (or his or her estate) will recognize ordinary income measured as the lesser of (i) the excess of the fair market value of the shares at the time of such sale or disposition (or death) over the purchase price or (ii) an amount equal to the applicable discount from the fair market value of the shares as of the date of grant. Any additional gain will be treated as long-term capital gain. If the shares are held for the holding periods described above but are sold for a price that is less than the purchase price, there is no ordinary income and the participating employee has a long-term capital loss for the difference between the sale price and the purchase price.

If the shares are sold or otherwise disposed of before the expiration of the holding periods described above, the participant will recognize ordinary income generally measured as the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date the shares are purchased over the purchase price and Codexis will be entitled to a tax deduction for compensation expense in the amount of ordinary income recognized by the employee. Any additional gain or loss on such sale or disposition will be long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on how long the shares were held following the date they were purchased by the participant prior to disposing of them. If the shares are sold or otherwise disposed of before the expiration of the holding periods described above but are sold for a price that is less than the purchase price, the participant will recognize ordinary income equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date of purchase over the purchase price (and Codexis will be entitled to a corresponding deduction), but the participant generally will be able to report a capital loss equal to the difference between the sales price of the shares and the fair market value of the shares on the date of purchase.

New Plan Benefits

Because the number of shares that may be purchased under the ESPP will depend on each employee’s voluntary election to participate and on the fair market value of our common stock at various future dates, the actual number of shares that may be purchased by any individual cannot be determined in advance. No shares of our common stock have been issued under the ESPP as it is not yet effective.

Vote Required

To be approved, this proposal must receive a “For” vote from the holders of a majority of the shares represented in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal. Abstentions and broker non-votes will have no effect on the proposal.

Board Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THAT STOCKHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE CODEXIS, INC. 2023 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN.

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PROPOSAL 7

APPROVAL OF AN AMENDMENT TO OUR 2019 INCENTIVE AWARD PLAN

Overview

We are asking our stockholders to approve an amendment to the 2019 Plan (the “2019 Plan”) to increase the number of shares authorized and available for issuance under the 2019 Plan by 8,000,000 shares, resulting in an increase to the total shares authorized and available for issuance under the 2019 Plan from 7,897,144 shares to 15,897,144 (the “2019 Plan Amendment”). Our Board, upon recommendation of the compensation committee, approved the increase by 8,000,000 shares of the shares authorized for issuance in April 2023, subject to stockholder approval. The 2019 Plan was originally adopted by our Board in April 2019 and approved by stockholders in June 2019. Within this Proposal 7, we refer to the 2019 Plan, as amended by the 2019 Plan Amendment, as the “Amended Plan.” Upon the effectiveness of the 2019 Plan, we intend to terminate the 2022 Employment Inducement Plan and will discontinue making grants under our 2022 Employment Inducement Plan; however, existing awards will remain outstanding pursuant to their terms.

The Amended Plan includes provisions that implement compensation and governance best practices to ensure our equity compensation aligns employee interests with that of our stockholders and incentivizes the creation of long-term stockholder value. Accordingly, our Board and compensation committee believe that the share increase to the Amended Plan is reasonable and appropriate at this time. Based on our projected usage of shares authorized for issuance under the Amended Plan and our reasonable expectation of future equity usage, we believe that the number of shares being requested for authorization under the Amended Plan is equivalent to what we anticipate as two years of usage based on expected key hires and aggregate equity need in a highly competitive talent market; share usage is ultimately dependent on factors such as stock price movement, participation levels and corporate activities that could impact our grant practices.

Employees and consultants of the Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates, as well as members of our Board, are eligible to receive awards under the 2019 Plan. The Amended Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options (“ISOs”), nonqualified stock options (“NQSOs”), stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), other stock or cash-based awards and dividend equivalents to eligible individuals.

Approval of the 2019 Plan Amendment will constitute approval pursuant to the stockholder approval requirements of Section 422 of the Code, relating to ISOs. If our stockholders do not approve the 2019 Plan Amendment, the additional shares proposed by the 2019 Plan Amendment will not become available for issuance; instead, the 2019 Plan will continue in full force and effect, without giving effect to the 2019 Plan Amendment, and we may continue to grant equity-based awards under the Plan to the extent that shares remain available for grant under the 2019 Plan.

A summary of the principal provisions of the Amended Plan, including a number of important compensation and governance best practices we implemented to ensure the Amended Plan furthers our compensation plan objectives and supports long-term stockholder interests, is set forth below. The summary is qualified by reference to the full text of the 2019 Plan, which is attached as Appendix A to the Company’s 2019 Proxy Statement filed

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with the SEC on April 26, 2019, and the 2019 Plan Amendment, which is attached as Appendix C to this Proxy Statement.

We are asking our stockholders to approve the 2019 Plan Amendment because the availability of an adequate reserve of shares under the 2019 Plan is an integral part of our compensation program, as well as our continued growth and success. The 2019 Plan was structured to provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to design long-term incentive programs for our employees that align with our compensation philosophy, and more effectively support the strategic priorities of our organization. The equity-based awards issued under the 2019 Plan increase our ability to attract, motivate and retain high quality talent, as providing equity-based awards is critical to achieving success as we compete for talent in our industry in which equity compensation is market practice and is expected by many existing personnel and prospective candidates. Further, we believe that grants of equity-based incentive awards are necessary to enable us to design and implement executive compensation programs that retain our key employees, and compensate those employees based on the performance of the Company and other individual performance factors, thereby aligning the goals and objectives of our employees with the interests of our stockholders. If the 2019 Plan Amendment is not approved, we believe the foregoing goals will be adversely affected.

Key Features of the Amended Plan

The Amended Plan reflects a broad range of compensation and governance best practices, as highlighted below. Unless otherwise stated, these are new features introduced with the adoption of the Amended Plan and are intended to align our equity compensation practices with current best practices.

Background of Share Request

In its determination to approve the 2019 Plan Amendment, the board of directors was primarily motivated by a desire to ensure the Company has an available pool of shares from which to grant long-term equity-based incentive awards, which the board of directors believes is a primary incentive and retention mechanism for our employees, consultants and directors. The Board and compensation committee reviewed an analysis prepared by Compensia, Inc. (“Compensia”) our compensation committee’s independent compensation consultant, which included an analysis of our historical share usage, certain burn rate metrics, the potential dilution associated with the 2019 Plan and the costs of the 2019 Plan.

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This review included consideration of the following:

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In light of the factors described above, the board of directors believes that the size of the share reserve proposed by the 2019 Plan Amendment is reasonable and appropriate at this time.

Summary of the Amended Plan

A summary of the principal provisions of the Amended Plan is set forth below. The summary is qualified by reference to the full text of the 2019 Plan, which is attached as Appendix A to the Company’s 2019 Proxy Statement, filed with the SEC on April 26, 2019, and the 2019 Plan Amendment, attached to this Proxy Statement as Appendix C.

Administration

The Amended Plan may be administered by the Board, Compensation Committee or other committee designated by the Board. To the extent required to comply with Rule 16b-3 of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), it is intended that each member of the committee will be a “non-employee director” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3. The committee or our Board may delegate its powers under the 2019 Plan to one or more members of the Board or one or more directors, officers or managers of the Company or any subsidiary, provided that no officer may be delegated the authority to grant awards to or amend awards held by senior executives of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act or any officer or director to whom authority to grant or amend awards has been delegated. The Board, committee or delegate thereof, as applicable, are referred to herein as the “plan administrator.”

The plan administrator has the authority to administer the Amended Plan, including the power to determine eligibility, the types and sizes of awards, the price and vesting schedule of awards, the methods for settling awards, the method of payment for any exercise or purchase price, any rules and regulations the plan administrator deems necessary to administer the Amended Plan, and the acceleration or waiver of any vesting restriction.

Eligibility

Limitation on Awards and Shares Available

If any shares subject to an award under the Amended Plan or any award under the 2010 Plan are forfeited, expire or are settled for cash, any shares deemed subject to such award may, to the extent of such forfeiture, expiration or cash settlement, be used again for new grants under the Amended Plan. However, the following shares may not be used again for grant under the Amended Plan: (1) shares tendered or withheld to satisfy the exercise price

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of an option; (2) shares tendered or withheld to satisfy the tax withholding obligations with respect to an award; (3) shares subject to a SAR (or other stock-settled award) that are not issued in connection with the stock settlement of the SAR or other award on its exercise; and (4) shares purchased on the open market with the cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Awards granted under the Amended Plan in connection with the assumption or substitution of outstanding equity awards previously granted by a company or other entity in the context of a corporate acquisition or merger will not reduce the shares authorized for grant under the Amended Plan.

The grant date fair value of awards granted under the Amended Plan to any non-employee director during any calendar year may not exceed $750,000. The plan administrator may make exceptions to this limit for individual non-employee directors in extraordinary circumstances, provided that the director receiving such additional compensation may not participate in the decision to award such compensation or in other contemporaneous compensation decisions involving non-employee directors.

In addition, awards granted under the Amended Plan must vest no earlier than one year measured from the date of grant and no award agreement shall reduce or eliminate such minimum vesting requirement, provided that an award may provide that such minimum vesting restrictions may lapse or be waived upon a participant’s termination of service or death or disability. In addition, up to an aggregate of 5% of the number of shares available for issuance under the Amended Plan as of its effective date may be granted without regard to the foregoing minimum vesting requirement. For the purposes of awards to non-employee directors, a vesting period shall be deemed to be one year if it runs from the date of one annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders to the next annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders.

Awards

The Amended Plan provides for the grant of ISOs, NQSOs, SARs, restricted stock, RSUs, other stock or cash-based awards and dividend equivalents. All awards under the Amended Plan will be set forth in award agreements, which will detail all terms and conditions of the awards, including any applicable vesting and payment terms and post-termination exercise limitations. Vesting conditions determined by the plan administrator may include continued service, attainment of performance goals and/or other conditions. No fractional shares shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Amended Plan or any award thereunder.

Options. Stock options provide for the purchase of shares of common stock in the future at an exercise price set on the grant date. ISOs, by contrast to NQSOs, may provide tax deferral beyond exercise and favorable capital gains tax treatment to their holders if certain holding period and other requirements of the Code are satisfied. The exercise price of an option may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant (or 110% in the case of ISOs granted to certain significant stockholders), except with respect to certain substitute stock options granted in connection with a corporate transaction. The term of an option may not be longer than ten years (or five years in the case of ISOs granted to certain significant stockholders). Unless otherwise provided by the plan administrator or otherwise directed by the participant, each vested and in-the-money option will be automatically exercised on the last business day prior to the expiration of its original term.

Stock Appreciation Rights. SARs entitle their holder, upon exercise, to receive an amount equal to the appreciation of the shares subject to the award between the grant date and the exercise date. The exercise price of a SAR may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant (except with respect to certain substitute SARs granted in connection with a corporate transaction) and the term of a SAR may not be longer than ten years. SARs under the 2019 Plan will be settled in cash or shares, or in a combination of both, as determined by the plan administrator. Unless otherwise provided by the plan administrator or otherwise directed by the participant, each vested and in-the-money SAR will be automatically exercised on the last business day prior to the expiration of its original term.

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Restricted Stock. A restricted stock award is an award of nontransferable shares of common stock that remains forfeitable unless and until specified vesting conditions are met. In general, restricted stock may not be sold or otherwise transferred until restrictions are removed or expire. Holders of restricted stock will have voting rights and will have the right to receive dividends; however, dividends may not be paid until the applicable shares of restricted stock vest.

Restricted Stock Units. RSUs are contractual promises to deliver shares of common stock (or the fair market value of such shares in cash) in the future, which may also remain forfeitable unless and until specified vesting conditions are met. RSUs generally may not be sold or transferred until vesting conditions are removed or expire. The shares underlying RSUs will not be issued until the RSUs have vested, and recipients of RSUs generally will have no voting or dividend rights prior to the time the RSUs are settled in shares. Delivery of the shares underlying RSUs may be deferred under the terms of the award or at the election of the participant, if the plan administrator permits such a deferral. On the settlement date or dates, we will issue to the participant unrestricted, fully transferable shares of common stock (or the fair market value of one such shares in cash) in respect of the vested RSUs.

Dividend Equivalents. Dividend equivalents represent the right to receive the equivalent value of dividends paid on shares of common stock and may be granted alone or in tandem with awards other than stock options or SARs. Dividend equivalents may accrue on awards, but shall not be payable unless and until the applicable award vests.

Other Stock or Cash Based Awards. Other stock or cash based awards are awards of cash, fully vested shares of common stock and other awards valued wholly or partially by referring to, or otherwise based on, our common stock. Other stock or cash based awards may be granted to participants and may also be available as a payment form in the settlement of other awards, as standalone payments and as payment in lieu of base salary, bonus, fees or other cash compensation otherwise payable to any individual who is eligible to receive awards. The plan administrator will determine the terms and conditions of other stock or cash based awards, which may include vesting conditions based on continued service, performance and/or other conditions.

Amendment and Termination

Our Board may amend or terminate the Amended Plan at any time; however, except in connection with certain changes in our capital structure, stockholder approval will be required for any amendment that increases the aggregate number of shares available under the Amended Plan, “reprices” any stock option or SAR, or cancels any stock option or SAR in exchange for cash or another award when the option or SAR price per share exceeds the fair market value of the underlying share. In addition, no amendment, suspension or termination of the 2019 Plan may, without the consent of the affected participant, materially and adversely affect the participant’s rights. No ISO may be granted pursuant to the Amended Plan after the tenth anniversary of the date the 2019 Plan was adopted by our Board.

Corporate Transactions

The plan administrator has broad discretion to take action under the Amended Plan, as well as make adjustments to the terms and conditions of existing and future awards, to prevent the dilution or enlargement of intended benefits and facilitate necessary or desirable changes in the event of certain transactions and events affecting our common stock, such as stock dividends, stock splits, mergers, acquisitions, consolidations and other corporate transactions. In addition, in the event of certain non-reciprocal transactions with our stockholders known as “equity restructurings,” the plan administrator will make equitable adjustments to the Amended Plan and outstanding awards.

If a Change in Control (as defined in the Amended Plan) of the Company occurs and the successor refuses to assume or substitute for an award, the award shall accelerate and become fully vested and exercisable upon the Change in Control and all restrictions on the award shall lapse.

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U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

This discussion regarding federal tax consequences is intended for the general information of our stockholders, not Amended Plan awardees. Alternative minimum tax and state and local income taxes are not discussed and may vary depending on individual circumstances and from locality to locality.

Code Section 162(m)

Under Code Section 162(m), income tax deductions of publicly-traded companies may be limited to the extent total compensation (including, without limitation, base salary, annual bonus, RSU settlement and nonqualified benefits) for certain executive officers exceeds $1 million (less the amount of any “excess parachute payments” as defined in Code Section 280G) in any one year. Under the tax rules in effect before 2018, the Code Section 162(m) deduction limit did not apply to qualified “performance-based” compensation that was established by an independent compensation committee and conformed to certain restrictive conditions stated under the Code and related regulations. However, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated this performance-based compensation exception effective January 1, 2018, subject to a special rule that “grandfathers” certain awards and arrangements that were in effect on or before November 2, 2017. As a result, compensation awarded under the Amended Plan in excess of $1 million to our current and former NEOs generally is not deductible.

Code Section 409A

Certain awards under the Amended Plan may be considered “nonqualified deferred compensation” subject to Code Section 409A, which imposes additional requirements on the payment of deferred compensation. These requirements generally provide that, if at any time during a taxable year a nonqualified deferred compensation plan fails to meet the requirements of Code Section 409A or is not operated in accordance with those requirements, all amounts deferred under the nonqualified deferred compensation plan for the then-current taxable year and all preceding taxable years, by or for any awardee with respect to whom the failure relates, are includible in the gross income of the awardee for the taxable year to the extent not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and not previously included in gross income. If a deferred amount is required to be included in income under Code Section 409A, the amount will be subject to income tax at regular income tax rates plus a 20 percent penalty, as well as potential penalties and interest.

Federal Tax Treatment of Award Types

With respect to NQSOs, the Company is generally entitled to deduct and the optionee recognizes taxable income in an amount equal to the difference between the option exercise price and the fair market value of the shares at the time of exercise.

A participant receiving ISOs will not recognize taxable income upon grant. Additionally, if applicable holding period requirements are met, the participant will not recognize taxable income at the time of exercise. However, the excess of the fair market value of the common stock received over the option price is an item of tax preference income potentially subject to the alternative minimum tax. If shares acquired upon exercise of an ISO are held for a minimum of two years from the date of grant and one year from the date of exercise, the gain or loss (in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value on the date of sale and the exercise price) upon disposition of such shares will be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss, and the Company will not be entitled to any deduction. If the holding period requirements are not met, the ISO will be treated as one which does not meet the requirements of the Code for ISOs and the tax consequences described for NQSOs will apply.

The current federal income tax consequences of other awards authorized under the 2019 Plan generally follow certain basic patterns: SARs are taxed and deductible in substantially the same manner as NQSOs;

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nontransferable restricted stock subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and RSUs will result in income recognition equal to the excess of the fair market value over the price paid, if any, only at the time the restrictions applicable to such awards lapse (unless, with respect to an award of restricted stock, the recipient elects to accelerate recognition as of the date of grant); stock-based performance awards, dividend equivalents and other types of awards are generally subject to tax at the time of payment. Compensation otherwise effectively deferred is taxed when paid. In each of the foregoing cases, the Company will generally have a corresponding deduction at the time the participant recognizes income, subject to Section 162(m) with respect to our current and former NEOs. An award of a retainer, committee fee or meeting-based fee generally realizes ordinary income and we are entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the amount of such retainer or fees upon payment thereof.

New Plan Benefits

Awards Granted Under the 2019 Plan

Certain awards set forth in this table for the named executive officers were granted in fiscal year 2022 and therefore also are included in the Summary Compensation Table and in the Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table set forth in this Proxy Statement and are not additional awards. Certain awards set forth in this table for the

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non-employee directors were granted in fiscal year 2022 and therefore also are included in the Director Compensation Table set forth in this Proxy Statement and are not additional awards.

Vote Required

To be approved, this proposal must receive a “For” vote from the holders of a majority of the shares represented in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the proposal. Abstentions and broker non-votes will have no effect on the proposal.

Board Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THAT STOCKHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE AMENDMENT TO THE CODEXIS, INC. 2019 INCENTIVE AWARD PLAN.

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EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

Executive Summary

The following overview highlights and summarizes information regarding executive compensation and does not purport to contain all of the information that is necessary to gain an understanding of our executive compensation policies and decisions. Please carefully read the Compensation Discussion and Analysis section and the compensation tables and related disclosures that follow for a more complete understanding of our executive compensation program.

Codexis, Inc. is a leading enzyme engineering company leveraging our proprietary CodeEvolver^® technology platform to discover, develop and enhance novel, high performance enzymes and other classes of proteins. Our business requires a talented, motivated and capable leadership team. To that end, our executive compensation program plays a vital role in our ability to attract, retain and motivate top talent for continued business success.

2022 Executive Compensation Program Summary. Our executive compensation program is designed to attract and retain talented individuals to lead, manage and operate all aspects of our business and reward and retain those individuals who continue to meet our high expectations over time. Our executive compensation program combines short- and long-term components, cash and equity and fixed and contingent payments in the amounts and proportions that we believe are most appropriate to incentivize, retain and reward our named executive officers for achieving our objectives. Our executive compensation program is also intended to make us competitive in our industry, where there is considerable competition for talented executives.

For 2022, our named executive officers and their positions during 2022 were as follows:

2022 was a transformational year for our company. After serving as our President and Chief Executive Officer for 10 years, Mr. Nicols retired and Dr. Dilly was appointed our President and Chief Executive Officer in August 2022. Shortly thereafter, in October 2022, Mr. Norrett and Ms. Fitzgerald commenced employment with us as our Chief Operating Officer and Chief Legal and Compliance Officer, respectively. In January 2023, Mr. Ryali succeeded Mr. Taylor as our Chief Financial Officer.

2022 Performance Highlights

In 2022, we refined our corporate strategy to focus our resources on programs where we believe we are best positioned to win and create long term success. Specifically, we are leveraging our CodeEvolver^® enzyme engineering technology platform to (i) create and advise novel biotherapeutic drug candidates, (ii) grow our pharmaceutical manufacturing business and (iii) develop high-performance enzymes for life science applications and nucleic acid synthesis. The early returns on this new corporate strategy is evidenced by the continued momentum in our novel biotherapeutics business while our CodeEvolver^® enzyme engineering platform continues to enable us to discover and commercialize novel, high performance enzymes for use in diverse applications, thereby providing us ongoing revenue opportunities to support our operations.

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In addition, we had strong financial and operational performance in 2022.

We also achieved the following major wins and milestones:

Commitment to Pay-for-Performance. We have structured our executive compensation programs to provide our named executive officers appropriate incentives to drive positive and sustainable long-term results. We believe that our executive compensation program is appropriately sensitive to Company financial performance and long-term stockholder returns, as a significant portion of our named executive officers’ compensation is in the form of performance-based cash and equity-based long-term incentive awards.

The key components of our compensation program for our named executive officers and actions taken in 2022 with respect to those components are as follows:

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Commitment to Strong Governance Standards. We are committed to having strong governance standards with respect to our executive compensation policies and practices. The Company has a number of executive compensation practices that we believe reflect the interests of our stockholders and governance best practices, including:

Stockholder Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation

At our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders voted in a non-binding advisory vote in favor of having a non-binding advisory stockholder vote on the compensation of our named executive officers once every three years. At this Annual Meeting, we are again seeking a non-binding advisory vote of our stockholders on the frequency of our non-binding advisory stockholder votes on the compensation of our named executive officers but are recommending that stockholders approve a frequency of one year so that we may receive more frequent input from our stockholders on our executive compensation programs. See Proposal 3.

Our compensation committee reviewed the result of the 2020 stockholders’ advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers and, in light of the approval by a substantial majority of our stockholders of the compensation programs described in our 2020 proxy statement (representing approximately 93% of the shares represented in person or by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote), did not implement any significant changes to our executive compensation program as a result of the stockholders’ advisory vote. At this Annual Meeting, we are again seeking a non-binding advisory stockholder vote on executive compensation. See Proposal 4.

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While we will review the result of the non-binding advisory vote on the frequency of “say-on-pay” votes at this Annual Meeting we expect to hold the next non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation at our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders.

Objectives and Philosophy of Our Executive Compensation Program

Our compensation program for our named executive officers is designed to achieve the following objectives:

Components of Our Executive Compensation Program and Determination of Compensation

The components of our executive compensation program consist primarily of base salaries, annual cash incentive bonuses, equity awards and broad-based benefits programs. We combine short-term compensation components (such as base salaries and annual cash incentive bonuses) and long-term compensation components (such as equity incentive awards) to provide an overall compensation structure that is designed to both attract and retain key executives as well as provide incentive for the achievement of short- and long-term corporate objectives.

Our compensation committee is responsible for evaluating and administering our compensation programs and practices for our named executive officers. Our compensation committee uses its judgment and experience and the recommendations of our Chief Executive Officer with respect to the compensation for our named executive officers (other than himself) to determine the appropriate mix of short- and long-term compensation components for each named executive officer. Short- and long-term compensation components are balanced to encourage each named executive officer to use his time and talents to accomplish both our short- and long-term corporate objectives. Our Chief Executive Officer generally attends our compensation committee meetings to provide input on factors that may influence our compensation committee members’ consideration of compensation programs and individual compensation, including individual performance (other than with respect to their own performance), financial, legal and compensation parity considerations. In addition, our Chief Financial Officer and other members of management occasionally attend such compensation committee meetings when their expertise may be required based on the issues being discussed. No named executive officer is present at the meetings at the time that his own compensation is being reviewed by the compensation committee. Our compensation committee analyzes each of the primary elements of our compensation program to ensure that our executive officers’ overall compensation is competitive with executive officers in similar positions at comparable companies in our labor market and to ensure internal compensation equality among incentive awards for our employees, including our named executive officers.

Our compensation committee determines compensation for our executive officers, including our named executive officers, in large part based upon our financial resources, as well as competitive market data. Our compensation committee has engaged Compensia to provide competitive market data and to provide advisory support to the compensation committee with regards to the compensation of our named executive officers. Compensia works directly with our compensation committee and did not provide any non-compensation related

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services to us during 2022. After review and consultation with Compensia, the compensation committee determined that Compensia is independent and that there is no conflict of interest resulting from retaining Compensia currently or during 2022. In reaching these conclusions, our compensation committee considered the factors set forth in the SEC rules and Nasdaq listing standards.

In November 2021, based on the recommendation of Compensia, our compensation committee adopted a peer group of companies to serve as a reference when reviewing the compensation levels for our named executive officers for 2022. The companies that formed our 2022 compensation peer group were selected from biotechnology and chemical companies having business models and financial characteristics similar to us. Following best practices, we specifically selected companies that generally fell within the range of 0.5–2.0x of our Company in terms of revenue and within the range of 0.33–3.0x of market capitalization. The 2022 compensation peer group consisted of the following companies:

This 2022 peer group was determined following review of the peer group referenced for reviewing the 2021 compensation of our named executive officers, and appropriate changes were made based on the updated selection criteria.

As compared to our 2022 peer group, in November 2021, when the peer group was adopted, the Company was at the 34th percentile for the last four quarters’ revenue and at the 55th percentile for 30 day average market capitalization. In addition to data from our 2022 peer group, our compensation committee considered market analysis from Compensia using data from the Radford Global Life Sciences Compensation Survey. Our compensation committee was not made aware of the constituent companies in the survey. For our 2022 assessment of executive compensation, Compensia’s analysis was based on 2022 survey and proxy cash compensation data pulled forward to February 2022 using a 5% update factor.

In determining the 2022 compensation for our named executive officers, we believe that the practices of the companies in the compensation peer group provided our compensation committee with relevant compensation information, not only because of the similarity of their business models and financial characteristics, but because several of these companies have similar organizational structures and tend to compete with us for executive talent.

Our overall compensation philosophy is to generally target the median of the market for base salaries and above the median for total cash and equity incentives, with annual cash and equity incentives tied to Company and individual achievement such that actual total compensation levels will be generally aligned with performance. The compensation committee works within the general framework of this market-competitive philosophy to determine each component of our named executive officers’ compensation packages based on numerous factors, including:

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During 2022, our compensation committee reviewed all aspects of our executive compensation program, including base salaries, annual cash incentive bonuses and equity incentive targets for each of our named executive officers.

Based on our 2022 peer group and the Radford Global Life Sciences Compensation Survey, using survey and proxy cash compensation data updated to February 2022 using a 5% update factor, the total direct compensation for each of our named executive officers was at or above the 35th percentile of market, which reflects the competitiveness of the markets in which we compete for executive talent as well as other factors, including Company and individual performance and criticality to the organization. The market analysis also found that our equity grant is more heavily focused on performance than our peers on average.

Each of the primary elements of our executive compensation program is discussed in more detail below. While we have identified particular compensation objectives that each element of executive compensation serves, our compensation programs are designed to be flexible and complementary and to collectively serve all of the executive compensation objectives described above. Accordingly, whether or not specifically mentioned below, we believe that, as a part of our overall executive compensation policy, each individual element of our executive compensation program, to a greater or lesser extent, serves each of our objectives as set forth above.

Annual Cash Compensation

Base Salary

The base salaries of our named executive officers are established when they are hired and reviewed annually and adjusted when necessary to reflect individual roles and performance and the competitive market. Our compensation committee also reviews each named executive officer’s annual base salary in comparison with other executives who are at the same level at our Company and seeks parity among executives within our Company who have similar levels of responsibility and authority. Our compensation committee believes that a competitive base salary is a necessary element of any compensation program designed to attract and retain talented and experienced executives. We also believe that competitive base salaries can motivate and reward executives for their overall performance.

Annual Cash Incentive Bonuses

Our compensation philosophy with respect to annual cash incentive bonuses is consistent with our overall compensation program philosophy. The annual cash incentive bonus is directed at tying individual compensation to both corporate and individual performance while maintaining market-competitive compensation. Performance, as measured against individual performance and corporate goals, directly determines the level of bonus payment.

Our annual cash bonus program (the “Executive Incentive Compensation Plan”) is comprised of three elements that factor into the cash incentive bonus paid to our named executive officers: the annual cash incentive bonus targets, the company performance factor and the individual performance factor, each of which is set by our compensation committee.

In February 2022, our compensation committee determined to maintain the target bonus percentages of Mr. Nicols and Mr. Taylor at 75% and 50% of annual base salary, respectively. In connection with the commencement of employment of each of Dr. Dilly, Mr. Norrett and Ms. Fitzgerald, our compensation committee established target bonus percentages of 75%, 50% and 40% of annual base salary, respectively, in each case, subject to proration based on when the named executive officer commenced employment.

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The target bonus percentage for our named executive officers, other than our Chief Executive Officer, is established or adjusted based on our Chief Executive Officer’s evaluation of the corporate goals over which he or she has control or influence given his or her position with the Company and the market practices of the companies in our compensation peer group. Our compensation committee considers similar factors in setting the target bonus percentage for our Chief Executive Officer.

In March 2022, our board of directors approved the following pre-established performance goals as set forth below, along with their weights, for determining the Company performance factor under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan:

Threshold, target and superior levels of achievement were set for each of our performance goals, corresponding to achievement at 50%, 100% and 150% of target, respectively. The threshold, target and superior levels for our 2022 corporate revenue goal were $145.0 million, $161.1 million and $177.2 million, respectively; the threshold, target and superior levels for our 2022 research and development revenues revenue goal were $36.8 million, $40.9 million and $45.0 million, respectively; the threshold, target and superior levels for our 2022 product revenues revenue goal were $34.1 million, $37.9 million and $41.7 million, respectively; and the threshold, target and superior levels for our 2022 operating expenses (excluding costs of goods sold) goal were $165.8 million, $105.7 million and $135.6 million, respectively, in each case, with achievement between the threshold and target levels or the target and superior levels determined by linear interpolation.

In setting these performance goals and their relative weights, our compensation committee considered the Company’s strategic vision and key areas necessary to our growth and financial success. The specific performance goals that comprise the corporate performance factor are intended to be difficult to achieve and require above what our compensation committee has determined to be average performance to meet the minimum acceptable standard. However, because each of our performance goals other than our 2022 corporate revenue and product revenue goals is related to our business strategy and is highly confidential, we do not publicly disclose them, as we believe their disclosure would provide our competitors, customers and other third-parties with significant insights regarding are confidential business strategies that could cause us substantial harm.

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Following the entry into a new supply agreement for CDX-616, which is used to manufacture Paxlovid, with Pfizer and Dr. Dilly’s commencement of employment in August 2022 and a change in corporate strategy, in November 2022, our compensation committee modified the performance goals under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan to reflect key areas of immediate focus necessary to successfully execute our new corporate strategy. After determining that the original performance goals established for the performance-based equity awards was likely to be achieved at 85%, our compensation committee capped achievement of the modified corporate performance goals at 85%. The modified corporate performance goals and their weightings were as follows:

Our compensation committee did not establish threshold or superior level of achievements for the modified corporate performance goals, but instead limited them to target achievement while including a modifier of up to 25% based on stretch achievement within biotherapeutics (15%), research (5%) and performance enzymes and organizational development (together 5%). The specific target level for corporate revenue, product revenue and year end cash balance were $135.0 million, $112.0 million and $90.0 million, respectively. Our compensation committee intended for the modified corporate performance goals, as a whole, to continue to be difficult to achieve while aligning with our new corporate strategy. However, because each of our performance goals other than our 2022 corporate revenue, product revenue goals is related to our business strategy and is highly confidential, we do not publicly disclose them, as we believe their disclosure would provide our competitors, customers and other third-parties with significant insights regarding are confidential business strategies that could cause us substantial harm.

The individual performance factor of the bonus for our named executive officers, other than our Chief Executive Officer, was determined by our compensation committee based upon the recommendations of our Chief Executive Officer, and the individual performance factor of the bonus for our Chief Executive Officer was based on our compensation committee’s own assessment, in each case, with respect to the contribution of the named executive officer to the achievement of our corporate goals. These individual performance factors are determined based on our Chief Executive Officer’s and our compensation committee’s holistic evaluation of each executive’s performance during the year, taking into account the executive’s position within the company and the corporate goals over which that executive has control or influence. High performance on the individual performance factor is intended to be difficult to achieve and requires above what our compensation committee has determined to be average performance to meet the minimum acceptable standard.

Failure to achieve the target result for any modified corporate performance goal results in a zero for that particular goal, but will not alone result in zero total bonus. The bonus amount is determined as follows:

Bonus Amount = (Base Salary) x (Target Percentage) x (Company Performance Factor Achievement Level) x (Individual Performance Factor Achievement Level)

The maximum corporate performance factor achievement level for the modified corporate performance goals was 85%.

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Our compensation committee did not evaluate performance under our original corporate performance goals. In early 2023, our compensation committee evaluated achievement of our modified corporate performance goals as follows:

Despite us achieving each of our modified corporate performance goals and substantially all of the stretch goals, our compensation committee applied the cap it set when establishing the modified corporate goals and determined corporate performance goal achievement of 85%.

In February 2023, our compensation committee also evaluated the individual performance of our named executive officers for 2022 (which in the case of our named executive officers other than our Chief Executive Officer, was based on input from the Chief Executive Officer) and determined, based on their significant individual and team contributions to the achievement of our corporate goals, that our named executive officers had each achieved the individual performance factor at 100%.

The following table sets forth the 2022 bonus targets and actual bonuses paid to our named executive officers:

We believe that our annual cash incentive bonus plans help to attract and motivate our executives, encourage and inspire our executives to achieve key corporate performance objectives and to align the compensation payable to our executives with our corporate objectives, thereby maximizing stockholder value. By reevaluating the corporate goals and individual performance factors under our bonus program for executives each year, we believe we provide sufficient and attainable incentives for our executives that align with both our financial and non-financial goals.

Sign-On Bonuses

In connection with the commencement of employment of Dr. Dilly and Ms. Fitzgerald, we agreed to pay the named executive officer a sign on bonus of $200,000 and $200,000 respectively, with Dr. Dilly’s sign on bonus paid in a single installment in 2022 and Ms. Fitzgerald’s sign on bonus paid in two equal installments in 2022 and 2023. These sign on bonuses are subject to repayment if the named executive officer voluntarily resigns without good reason or we terminate the named executive officer’s employment for cause, in each case, within

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one year following the named executive officer’s commencement of employment with us, with 100% of the amount paid subject to repayment in the event of such a resignation or termination within 6 months following the commencement of employment and 50% of the amount paid subject to repayment in the event of such a resignation or termination between 6 months and one year following commencement of employment with us. These sign on bonuses were negotiated in connection with each named executive officer’s commencement of employment and were intended to act as an additional inducement for each named executive officer to commence employment with us.

Equity Incentive Compensation

We believe that our long-term performance is best facilitated through a culture of executive equity ownership that encourages long-term investment by our named executive officers in our equity, thereby better aligning the named executive officers’ interests with the interests of our stockholders. During 2022, our compensation committee granted our named executive officers service-based and performance-based stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock units. In addition, in June 2022, while Dr. Dilly was serving as a non-employee member of our board of directors, he was automatically granted an award of restricted stock.

As part of our annual refresh cycle, in February 2022, our board of directors granted Mr. Nicols a time-based option to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock and a performance-based option to purchase 430,000 shares of our common stock. Also in February 2022, our compensation committee granted Mr. Taylor a time-based option to purchase 13,000 shares of our common stock, a performance-based option to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock, 9,000 restricted stock units and 10,000 performance stock units.

In connection with Dr. Dilly’s commencement of employment, our board of directors granted Dr. Dilly a time-based option to purchase 700,000 shares of our common stock and 340,000 performance stock units. In connection with Mr. Norrett’s and Ms. Fitzgerald’s commencement of employment, our compensation committee granted Mr. Norrett and Ms. Fitzgerald a time-based option to purchase 413,405 and 382,775 shares of our common stock, respectively, and 98,184 and 90,909 performance stock units, respectively.

While no single factor determined the size of these awards, our compensation committee generally considered the following factors in making such awards: internal equity within our management team, individual performance, tenure with our Company, equity awards newly appointed named executive officers held at their prior companies, the criticality of each named executive officer’s role at our Company, and the periodic equity incentive award practices observed by the companies in our 2022 compensation peer group.

Time-based options granted in 2022 vest as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and in substantially equal monthly installments over the subsequent three years, subject to continued service. Restricted stock units vest in three substantially equal installments, subject to continued service. The vesting commencement date for time-based options and restricted stock units is generally the date of grant for refresh equity grants and the date of hire or promotion for new hire and promotion grants. Performance-based options and performance stock units vest based on the achievement of corporate performance goals as described below, with 50% of the underlying shares vesting upon achievement and the remaining 50% vesting approximately one year thereafter, subject to continued service. In keeping with our market-competitive philosophy, our board of directors and compensation committee established the foregoing vesting schedules because it determined such vesting represents market practice in our industry based on the experience of the members of our compensation committee.

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In February 2022, when grants of performance-based options and performance stock units to our named executive officers were initially approved for 2022, our board of directors and our compensation committee established the following performance goals:

The threshold, target and superior performance levels of our 2022 corporate revenue and product revenue goals were the same as the levels under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan, as described above.

As under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan, the financial and non-financial goals for our performance-based options are intended to be difficult to achieve and require above what our compensation committee has determined to be average performance to meet the minimum acceptable standard. However, because each of our performance goals other than our 2022 corporate revenue and product revenue goals for our performance-based awards are related to our business strategy and are highly confidential, we do not publicly disclose them, as we believe their disclosure would provide our competitors, customers and other third-parties with significant insights regarding our confidential business strategies that could cause us substantial harm.

The number of shares eligible to vest in respect of the performance-based options and performance stock units was determined by multiplying the target number of shares subject to the award by a multiplier, which is calculated as the sum overall performance goals of (i) the weight of each performance goal multiplied by (ii) the applicable achievement percentage. The performance-based option achievement percentage for each performance goal is 0% if achieved at less than threshold, 25% if achieved at threshold, 50% if achieved at target level, and 100% if achieved at or above the superior level. The performance stock unit achievement percentage for each performance goal is 0% if achieved at less than threshold, 50% if achieved at threshold, 100% if achieved at target level, and 200% if achieved at or above the superior level. For the corporate revenue and product revenue goals, achievement between the foregoing levels was determined using linear interpolation.

As under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan, in November 2022, our compensation committee modified the performance goals applicable to our performance-based equity awards to reflect key areas of immediate focus necessary to successfully execute our new corporate strategy. After determining that the original performance goals established for the performance-based equity awards was likely to be achieved at 85%, our compensation committee capped achievement of the modified corporate performance goals at 85%. The modified corporate performance goals and their weightings were the same as under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan as follows:

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Consistent with our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan, our compensation committee did not establish threshold or superior level of achievements for the modified corporate performance goals, but instead limited them to target achievement while including a modifier of up to 25% based on stretch achievement within biotherapeutics (15%), research (5%) and performance enzymes and organizational development (together 5%). The specific target level for corporate revenue, product revenue and year end cash balance were $135.0 million, $112.0 million and $90.0 million, respectively. Our compensation committee intended for the modified corporate performance goals, as a whole, to continue to be difficult to achieve while aligning with our new corporate strategy. However, because each of our performance goals other than our 2022 corporate revenue, product revenue goals is related to our business strategy and is highly confidential, we do not publicly disclose them, as we believe their disclosure would provide our competitors, customers and other third-parties with significant insights regarding are confidential business strategies that could cause us substantial harm.

Our compensation committee assessed performance for our performance-based equity awards the same as under our Executive Incentive Compensation Plan. Despite us achieving each of our modified corporate performance goals and substantially all of the stretch goals, our compensation committee applied the cap it set when establishing the modified corporate goals and determined corporate performance goal achievement of 85%. As a result, 85% of the performance stock units held by our named executive officers and 42.5% of the shares underlying the performance-based options held by our named executive officers became eligible to vest, with 50% vesting immediately and the remaining 50% scheduled to vest on March 5, 2023, subject to continued service to us.

Termination-Based Compensation

Our compensation committee provides our named executive officers with termination of employment protection when it determines that such protection is necessary to attract or retain an executive.

We believe that concerns about potential job loss or the possibility or occurrence of a change in control of the Company can create uncertainty for our executive officers that may unduly affect their performance. For example, the possibility of a change in control of the Company may create uncertainty for our named executive officers regarding their continued employment because such transactions frequently result in changes in senior management. Consequently, we have entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Dilly and Mr. Nicols and a change of control severance agreement with Messrs. Norrett and Taylor and Ms. Fitzgerald, which provide severance payments and benefits in the event of certain qualifying terminations, both within and outside of a change in control context. We believe that such arrangements are necessary to attract and retain talent in the markets in which we compete for talent.

The severance payments and benefits that are payable under the Company’s severance and change in control arrangements are further described below in the section entitled “—Change in Control and Severance Arrangements.”

Other Compensation

All of our named executive officers are eligible to participate in certain benefit plans and arrangements offered to employees generally, including health, dental, life and disability insurance, 401(k) plan. We currently provide company contributions to the 401(k) plans for all employees, including our named executive officers. Consistent with our market-competitive compensation philosophy, we intend to continue to maintain these benefit plans and arrangements for our employees, including our named executive officers.

Each of our named executive officers is also paid a cell phone allowance of $80 per month.

In connection with Dr. Dilly’s commencement of employment with us, we agreed to provide Dr. Dilly an annual travel allowance of $40,000, which is intended to offset expenses Dr. Dilly incurs in travelling to our offices in Redwood City, California. Our board of directors approved the travel allowance in order to induce Dr. Dilly to commence employment with us.

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Our compensation committee in its discretion may revise, amend or add to any executive’s benefits and perquisites if it deems it advisable. We currently do not believe it is necessary for the attraction or retention of management talent to provide our named executive officers with a substantial amount of compensation in the form of perquisites or other personal benefits.

Tax and Accounting Considerations

Section 162(m) of the Code generally disallows a tax deduction for compensation in excess of $1.0 million paid to all former and current named executive officers. Our board of directors and our compensation committee may, in its judgment, authorize compensation payments that exceed the deductibility limits under Section 162(m) when it believes that such payments are appropriate to attract, retain and reward executive talent.

Section 409A of the Code imposes additional taxes on certain non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements that do not comply with its requirements. These requirements regulate an individual’s election to defer compensation and the individual’s selection of the timing and form of distribution of the deferred compensation. Section 409A generally also provides that distributions of deferred compensation only can be made on or following the occurrence of certain events (e.g., the individual’s separation from service, a predetermined date or fixed schedule, a change-in-control, or the individual’s death or disability). For certain executives, Section 409A requires that such individual’s distribution of certain non-qualified deferred compensation amounts commence no earlier than six months after such officer’s separation from service. We have and will continue to endeavor to structure our compensation arrangements to be exempt from or comply with Section 409A so as to avoid the adverse tax consequences associated therewith. We have not provided any executives or other employees with any gross-up in connection with Section 409A.

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, which requires us to recognize compensation expense for share-based payments (including stock options and other forms of equity compensation). Our compensation committee takes into account the expense taken under FASB ASC Topic 718 when determining equity grants.

Derivatives Trading, Hedging and Pledging Policies

Our Insider Trading Compliance Program provides that no employee, officer, director, consultant or contractor, or any family member or member of the same household of any such person, should directly or indirectly participate in transactions involving trading activities which by their aggressive or speculative nature may give rise to an appearance of impropriety, including short sales and the purchase or writing of put or call options. In addition, our Insider Trading Compliance Program specifically prohibits short sales, put and call options and other hedging transactions under 10b5-1 trading plans. In addition, our Insider Trading Compliance Policy provides that no employee, officer or director may pledge Company securities as collateral to secure loans. This prohibition means, among other things, that these individuals may not hold Company securities in a “margin” account, which would allow the individual to borrow against their holdings to buy securities.

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2022 Summary Compensation Table

The following table summarizes the compensation that we paid to our named executive officers related to the year ended December 31, 2022.

While the performance goals for performance stock units and performance-based stock options for named executive officers other than Ms. Fitzgerald were modified in November 2022, we determined that the modification did not constitute a “modification” for the purposes of FASB ASC Topic 718 and did not record any incremental fair value. The modifications are described above under “—Components of Our Executive Compensation Program—Equity Incentive Compensation.”

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Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2022 Table

The following table shows information regarding grants of non-equity incentive and equity incentive awards during the year ended December 31, 2022 to each of our named executive officers:

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Outstanding Equity Awards at 2022 Year-End Table

The following table shows grants of stock options, performance stock units, and performance-based options outstanding on December 31, 2022, the last day of our year, for each of our named executive officers.